{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:08:14Z","timestamp":1792699694365,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-008335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-008335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI176416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI176416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi, is a major public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. Accurate burden estimation is hampered by limited microbiological facilities and low sensitivity of blood-culture tests. Serosurveillance offers a scalable alternative to address these challenges. This study estimated the seroincidence of enteric fever in Bangladesh using cross-sectional rapid serosurveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>School-based surveys (January\u2013June 2022) were conducted in Chattogram, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Satkhira, and Faridpur, and community-based surveys (July 2019\u2013November 2021) were conducted in Dhaka and Mirzapur. Blood samples (dried blood spots or venous blood) were collected and tested for anti-hemolysin E IgG responses using a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroincidence was estimated using a maximum likelihood approach based on peak antibody titers and decay rates, modeled from blood-culture confirmed enteric fever cases in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2969 participants aged 0\u201322 years were enrolled, with 75.5% aged 5\u201315 years. Seroincidence rates (per 100 person-years) were highest in Dhaka (33.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29.0\u201337.9), followed by Mirzapur (19.5; 95% CI, 17.4\u201321.7) and Chattogram (17.1; 95% CI, 15.0\u201319.4), and the lowest in Faridpur (11.1; 95% CI, 9.6\u201312.7). The under 5 age group exhibited higher rates in Dhaka (40.3; 95% CI, 32.1\u201350.7) and Mirzapur (26.1; 95% CI, 21.0\u201332.4) compared to older age groups. Seroincidence was higher in areas with higher population density.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights a substantial burden of enteric fever infections across Bangladesh. These provide important evidence to guide post-introduction monitoring and optimization of the typhoid conjugate vaccine program in the national immunization schedule.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:27:24Z","timestamp":1776770844000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Estimating Enteric Fever Seroincidence in Bangladesh Using Rapid Serosurveys"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sira Jam","family":"Munira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naito","family":"Kanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7624-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Shakiul","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anik","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamsul Alam","family":"Polash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice S","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabin Vaccine Institute Vaccine Epidemiology, , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8881-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richelle C","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. 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