{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:09:12Z","timestamp":1780513752449,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2026C02A1117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026C02A1117"]}]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Team of Zhejiang Province","award":["11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for the Incubation of Young Clinical Scientist","award":["CHZJU2023YS005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHZJU2023YS005"]}]},{"name":"Incubation of Clinical Medical Innovation Team of Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine","award":["CHZJU2024TD002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHZJU2024TD002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The distinct roles of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) in acute illness and subsequent asthma remain debated. China's strict nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in 2022 provided a unique epidemiological setting to compare their clinical\/inflammatory profiles and associations with long-term asthma risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational retrospective cohort study included children hospitalized with RSV- or HRV-induced acute lower respiratory tract infections. We collected clinical data, subtyped RSV samples and conducted long-term follow-up to assess physician-diagnosed asthma using Kaplan\u2013Meier and multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 722 children (425 RSV, 275 HRV, and 22 coinfection), RSV predominated in infants with a sharp winter peak (RSV-A dominant, 96.8%), while HRV circulated year-round across a broader age range. RSV infection was associated with greater acute severity, including higher rates of pneumonia and longer hospitalization (P &amp;lt; .05). In contrast, HRV triggered a distinct inflammatory response with significant leukocytosis and an eosinophil count over 4-fold greater than the RSV group (P &amp;lt; .001). Follow-up revealed HRV infection was independently associated with increased risk of subsequent asthma (log-rank P &amp;lt; .001). Multivariable regression identified prior wheezing (aOR 2.82, 95% CI: 1.76\u20134.53), elevated eosinophils (aOR 2.43, 95% CI: 1.07\u20135.49), and HRV infection (aOR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.15\u20132.99) as independent predictors for asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During China's late NPI phase, HRV infection showed a stronger independent association with childhood asthma than RSV. This association, together with an eosinophil-predominant inflammatory profile, remained significant after adjustment for prior wheezing history. These findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:42:17Z","timestamp":1779277337000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Severity Versus Long-term Morbidity: Uncoupling the Roles of RSV and HRV in Childhood Respiratory Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases , Hangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases , Hangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Qin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases , Hangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National 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