{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:51:51Z","timestamp":1782323511032,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI155457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI155457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shiga toxin (Stx)\u2013producing Escherichia coli (STEC) colonizes the gut and causes enteritis through bacterial attachment-effacement (A\/E), leading to mucosal damage. This facilitates systemic uptake of Stx, which can often lead to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and acute renal failure, particularly in children &amp;lt;5 years of age. STEC infections expressing Stx2 variants are a major risk factor for HUS. Beyond patients receiving supportive care, there is no treatment for STEC-mediated HUS, and antibiotics are contraindicated. The 3- to 7-day prodromal interval between onset of STEC diarrhea and HUS offers a window for intervention for diarrheic patients, contacts thereof, or individuals exposed to the source of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Citrobacter rodentium (Cr), a mouse pathogen that exhibits mucosal bacterial A\/E, was genetically constructed to express Stx2d (Cr-Stx2d). This, along with a Cr parent strain carrying the kanamycin gene, were used to model STEC in mice. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with a broad subtype-specific, Stx-neutralizing nanobody multimer fused to the human IgG1 Fc domain (VNA2-Stx\/hFc).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When a single treatment was administered as late as 4 days after Cr-Stx2d challenge, likely within the human STEC-HUS window of intervention, complete protection of mice was achieved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This Cr-Stx2d model, which mimics elements of human STEC infections by causing mucosal gut lesions and systemic Stx2d-mediated kidney damage, will help evaluate specific treatments against STEC-HUS, as demonstrated here with VNA2-Stx\/hFc-treated mice given a single injection well after bacterial challenge. This product should be safe, simple, and economical to manufacture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:41:33Z","timestamp":1780659693000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protection of Mice Orally Infected With Shiga Toxin\u2013Producing\n                    <i>Citrobacter rodentium<\/i>\n                    Treated With Nanobody Multimer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abhineet","family":"Sheoran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda J","family":"Martinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally R","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Martone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9570-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Dayao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4429-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul","family":"Tzipori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062413312231500_ofag357-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.7.716","article-title":"Haemolytic uraemic syndromes in the British Isles 1985-8: association with verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. 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