{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:37:11Z","timestamp":1791333431463,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS RONPAKU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP223fa627004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Biomedical Research"},{"name":"INRB"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ebola virus disease (EVD) is often regarded as severe and highly fatal, but growing evidence suggests that subclinical or minimally symptomatic infections occur and frequently go undetected. During the 2017 outbreak in Likati Health Zone, only 8 cases were confirmed despite many reported exposures. We evaluated the extent of asymptomatic or unrecognized Ebola virus infection and associated factors among contacts of reported cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In November 2017, we conducted a cross-sectional community-based serosurvey among contacts originally identified through Ministry of Health records and newly identified through additional post-outbreak investigations. Participants provided blood samples and completed questionnaires on demographics, exposures, and symptoms within 4 weeks of symptom onset of the EVD case with whom contact was reported. Sera were tested for anti-EBOV nucleoprotein IgG by ELISA. Seropositive individuals were classified as asymptomatic (no symptoms) or unrecognized (\u22651 symptom). Secondary attack rate (SAR) was estimated, and logistic regression assessed associations with sociodemographic factors, exposure level, and symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 180 participants (79 originally identified; 101 newly identified), 33 (18.3%) were seropositive. Of these, 19 (58%) reported symptoms, and 14 (42%) were asymptomatic. Any EVD-related symptom was associated with higher odds of seropositivity (OR 2.48, P = .021), though no specific symptom was significant. Asymptomatic individuals had higher antibody titers than symptomatic seropositive contacts (P = .009). The overall SAR was 19.1% (95% CI: 15.9\u201323.0). High exposure level strongly predicted seropositivity (OR 11.2, 95% CI: 3.8\u201333.3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Asymptomatic infections occurred, including among contacts missed during the response, highlighting the need for exposure-based serologic assessments in EVD investigations and raising questions about immune responses and the true disease burden in outbreak-affected settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1783414774000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of Contacts With High Rates of Missed and Asymptomatic Infection Following an Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease: A Seroepidemiological Study in Likati Health Zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9050-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Tshiani Mbaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB) , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]},{"name":"Service of Microbiology, Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]},{"name":"Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koya","family":"Ariyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Skrip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M","family":"Kahusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB) , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Suangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB) , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ange","family":"Mubiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB) , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Tshomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB) , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Kisangani , Kisangani ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kubo","family":"Yoshinao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoire","family":"Mumbere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Zone of Likati, Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Muyembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB) , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]},{"name":"Service of Microbiology, Department of Medical Biology, University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabue","family":"Mulangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut National de 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