{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:28:24Z","timestamp":1786375704285,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32AI007036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concern for bacterial coinfection in patients with high consequence viral infections (HCVIs) has made empiric antibiotic administration the standard of care. However, the incidence, microbiology, and clinical significance of bacterial coinfection in HCVIs remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of case reports, cohort studies, and cross-sectional analyses describing bacterial coinfection in Ebola virus disease (EVD), Marburg virus disease (MVD), Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and Lassa fever (LF). Data were extracted on study design, setting, diagnostic methods, pathogens, antibiotic use, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty publications met inclusion criteria. Bacteremia was most commonly reported among patients with CCHF (n = 46), followed by EVD (n = 16), MVD (n = 16), and LF (n = 2). Of 27 EVD patients treated outside Africa, 7 (26%) had bacterial coinfection. Across HCVIs, bacteremia was detected a median of 11 days after symptom onset (range 0\u201323) and was associated with features of sepsis. Pathogens included enteric flora, healthcare-associated organisms, opportunistic pathogens, and zoonotic bacteria\u2014most notably Brucella spp. in CCHF. Ceftriaxone was the most common empiric antibiotic but is predicted to have activity against a minority of bloodstream isolates. Mortality among coinfected patients with EVD or MVD was similar to those without bacterial coinfection, whereas coinfected CCHF patients had higher mortality than those without coinfection (15.5%; 95% CI 8.0%\u201325.9% vs 5.7%; 95% CI 5.1%\u20136.4%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite being a major concern driving empiric antibiotic use, bacterial coinfection in HCVIs remains poorly described, precluding determination of its incidence or clinical significance. Prospective studies with standardized protocols for bacterial diagnosis and characterization of antimicrobial resistance are needed to guide antimicrobial strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1784912349000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Infection in Ebola Virus Disease, Marburg Virus Disease, Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, and Lassa Fever"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4306-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brady","family":"Page","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego (UCSD) , La Jolla, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Moreton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Wohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"II","given":"William A","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01917-x","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: global trends and new strategies for their prevention and control","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. I. Human isolations\u2013clinical notes","volume":"44","author":"Simpson","year":"1967","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The aetiology of an unknown human infection transmitted by monkeys (preliminary communication)","volume":"13","author":"Siegert","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ger Med Mon"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.670","article-title":"Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa","volume":"19","author":"Frame","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92002-5","article-title":"Isolation of Marburg-like virus from a case of h\u00e6morrhagic fever in Zaire","volume":"309","author":"Pattyn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30518-0","article-title":"Lassa fever outcomes and prognostic factors in Nigeria (LASCOPE): a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Duvignaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010938","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-Lassa Virus IgG antibodies in three districts of Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.12.004","article-title":"Research efforts to control highly pathogenic arenaviruses: a summary of the progress and gaps","volume":"64","author":"Kerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00144-9","article-title":"Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Hunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0630","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients admitted at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan over the last 10 years: a case-control study","volume":"111","author":"Sethi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415816","article-title":"Marburg virus disease in Rwanda, 2024 - public health and clinical responses","volume":"393","author":"Nsanzimana","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in West Africa\u2014the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections","volume":"371","author":"WHO Ebola Response Team","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B13","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00725-X","article-title":"Lassa fever symptomatology, viral dynamics, and host immune response (PREPARE): a prospective, observational cohort study in Liberia","volume":"26","author":"Wohl","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000837","article-title":"Human fatal Zaire ebola virus infection is associated with an aberrant innate immunity and with massive lymphocyte apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Wauquier","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01367-20","article-title":"Severe human Lassa fever is characterized by nonspecific T-cell activation and lymphocyte homing to inflamed tissues","volume":"94","author":"Port","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70435-2","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever","volume":"6","author":"Erg\u00f6n\u00fcl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00530-09","article-title":"Interacting roles of immune mechanisms and viral load in the pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"17","author":"Saksida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00874-X","article-title":"Standard of care for viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs): a systematic review of clinical management guidelines for high-priority VHFs","volume":"23","author":"Rigby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","article-title":"The new global map of human brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050003","article-title":"Plague: past, present, and future","volume":"5","author":"Stenseth","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B23","author":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B24","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever-treatment and preventive strategies","volume":"1","author":"Jahromi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B25","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59071215","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility surveillance in the Punjab province of Pakistan: findings and implications","volume":"59","author":"Saleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19592","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance trends in ESKAPE pathogens isolated at a Health Practice and Research Hospital: a five-year retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Orhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/GH9.0000000000000150","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in democratic Republic of Congo: the way forward","volume":"6","author":"Akilimali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg Global Health"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050540","article-title":"Serious neurological adverse events of ceftriaxone","volume":"10","author":"Lacroix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07925-y","article-title":"Haematological and hepatic adverse effects of ceftriaxone in ambulatory care: a dual-centre retrospective observational analysis of standard vs high dose","volume":"22","author":"Mistry","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02176-12","article-title":"Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.03.004","article-title":"Bacterial co-infection is rare in patients with Ebola virus disease in a military Ebola virus disease treatment unit in Sierra Leone","volume":"71","author":"Lamb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphereDirect.00325-17","article-title":"Deep sequencing of RNA from blood and oral swab samples reveals the presence of nucleic acid from a number of pathogens in patients with acute ebola virus disease and is consistent with bacterial translocation across the gut","volume":"2","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060475","article-title":"Bacillus paranthracis isolate from blood of fatal Ebola virus disease case","volume":"9","author":"Matson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae637","article-title":"Elucidating infectious causes of fever of unknown origin: a laboratory-based observational study of patients with suspected Ebola virus disease, Guinea, 2014","volume":"232","author":"Postigo-Hidalgo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.07.003","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and secondary bacteraemia in Turkey","volume":"71","author":"Sunbul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B37","first-page":"463","article-title":"Brucellosis in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"11","author":"Duygu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116724","article-title":"Hidden threats: brucellosis diagnosis and co-infection patterns in crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever suspects","volume":"111","author":"\u00d6z","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.14744\/cpr.2025.06572","article-title":"Brucellosis seroprevalence and diagnostic challenges: a comprehensive review from 2017-2021","volume":"47","author":"Topcu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Pract Res"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B40","first-page":"676","article-title":"Severe and fatal Lassa fever: observations in 19 ICU patients treated in Nigeria","volume":"112","author":"Erameh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411677","article-title":"A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia","volume":"371","author":"Kreuels","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62384-9","article-title":"Severe ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care","volume":"385","author":"Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0530","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical management of a cluster of 3 patients with ebola virus disease, including the first domestically acquired cases in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Liddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Inter Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00180-0","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome after convalescent plasma use: treatment of a patient with Ebola virus disease contracted in Madrid, Spain","volume":"3","author":"Mora-Rillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001197","article-title":"Critical care for multiple organ failure secondary to ebola virus disease in the United States","volume":"43","author":"Sueblinvong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ334","article-title":"The use of TKM-100802 and convalescent plasma in 2 patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Kraft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0461","article-title":"A health care worker with ebola virus disease and adverse prognostic factors treated in Sierra Leone","volume":"94","author":"O'Shea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-016-0140-5","article-title":"[Intensive care treatment of a patient with Ebola virus disease in Germany]","volume":"112","author":"Wichmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B49","first-page":"95","volume":"6","author":"Saghafipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Co-infection of crime Congo hemorrhagic fever and brucellosis: a case report"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.10821","article-title":"A case of brucellosis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever coinfection in an endemic area","volume":"50","author":"Karake\u00e7ili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.32380","article-title":"Co-infection of leptospirosis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"11","author":"Seifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5152\/kd","article-title":"Coinfection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and brucellosis: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Tahmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Klimik Dergisi\/Klimik J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5152\/kd","article-title":"Concurrent brucellosis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Buyuktuna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Klimik Dergisi\/Klimik J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.v93.6","article-title":"A case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever with the bacteremia of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"93","author":"Izc\u0131","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.20229815","article-title":"Pandemi D\u00f6neminde Ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Tan\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nemi: COVID-19, Bruselloz ve K\u0131r\u0131m-Kongo Kanamal\u0131 Ate\u015fi Birlikteli\u011fi Olan Bir Olgu Sunumu","volume":"56","author":"G\u00fcl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.36519\/kd","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and brucellosis coinfection in Alanya: a case report","volume":"36","author":"Erdogan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Klimik Dergisi\/Klimik J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.33706\/jemcr.1258769","article-title":"Significance of differential diagnosis for febrile and fatigued patients in an endemic area during the COVID-19 pandemic: consideration of COVID-19, Brucellosis, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"14","author":"Barkay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020178","article-title":"Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever mimicking HELLP syndrome in a pregnant woman and her infant in Kosovo: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Ajazaj-Berisha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.20250458","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess and spondylodiscitis following Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a rare post-recovery complication","volume":"59","author":"Kara\u015fahin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji Bult"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100976","article-title":"Bacteriology testing and antimicrobial resistance detection capacity of national tiered laboratory networks in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis from 14 countries","volume":"6","author":"Ondoa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ395","article-title":"Administration of brincidofovir and convalescent plasma in a patient with Ebola virus disease","volume":"61","author":"Florescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504874","article-title":"Clinical management of Ebola virus disease in the United States and Europe","volume":"374","author":"Uyeki","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.13.1437","article-title":"Risk factors for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"159","author":"Jensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.19700","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging opportunistic pathogen","volume":"3","author":"Howard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901594","article-title":"Ebola","volume":"382","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-123","article-title":"Lassa fever presenting as acute abdomen: a case series","volume":"10","author":"Dongo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5152\/eajem.2016.71542","article-title":"Evaluation of gastrointestinal system findings in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients","volume":"15","author":"Inci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurasian J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17489-7","article-title":"Long-lasting severe immune dysfunction in Ebola virus disease survivors","volume":"11","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100513","article-title":"Ebola virus causes intestinal tract architectural disruption and bacterial invasion in non-human primates","volume":"10","author":"Reisler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz005","article-title":"Serum markers associated with severity and outcome of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome","volume":"219","author":"Maleki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1341891","article-title":"An atlas of gross and histologic lesions and immunohistochemical immunoreactivity during the temporal progression of aerosolized Lassa virus induced hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"14","author":"Bohler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab719","article-title":"Pathology and pathogenesis of Lassa fever: novel immunohistochemical findings in fatal cases and clinico-pathologic correlation","volume":"74","author":"Shieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-014-0048-z","article-title":"Combined endothelial and epithelial barrier disruption of the colon may be a contributing factor to the Ebola sepsis-like syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Lynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patient Saf Surg"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.1.33","article-title":"Complications of brucellosis in different age groups: a study of 283 cases in southeastern Anatolia of Turkey","volume":"44","author":"G\u00fcr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01010","article-title":"\u0392-lactams against the fortress of the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacterium","volume":"121","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B76","first-page":"179","article-title":"Resistance to \u03b2-lactams in enterococci","volume":"51","author":"Gagetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109461","article-title":"Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw beef, sheep, and lamb meat in Turkey","volume":"361","author":"\u015eanl\u0131baba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf206","article-title":"Characterization of carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales isolated from patients returning from Sub-Saharan Africa, France, 2015-2022","volume":"80","author":"Poignon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2021.105315","article-title":"Investigation of major carbapenemase genes in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from raw milk in Black Sea region of Turkey","volume":"128","author":"Uyanik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.08.002","article-title":"The 2013-2016 ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa","volume":"60","author":"Ohimain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e284","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00449-8","article-title":"Increasing marburg VHF outbreaks in Africa","volume":"23","author":"Nakkazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33112-3","article-title":"Predicting the evolution of the Lassa virus endemic area and population at risk over the next decades","volume":"13","author":"Klitting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B83","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B84","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026081010365378500_ofag404-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S465","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad352","article-title":"The multiple origins of Ebola disease outbreaks","volume":"228","author":"Judson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag404\/69960547\/ofag404.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/8\/ofag404\/69960547\/ofag404.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/8\/ofag404\/69960547\/ofag404.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:37:10Z","timestamp":1786372630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag404\/8741539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag404","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"ofag404"}}