{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:58:12Z","timestamp":1790776692660,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Centre for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU HIV 04.817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU HIV 04.817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Centre for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU HIV 04.819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU HIV 04.819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Centre for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI 07.012_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI 07.012_002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021_EKEA.25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021_EKEA.25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infections drive most anal cancers, disproportionately affecting people with human immunodeficiency virus (PLH), for whom cytology-based screening remains essential. However, the biological context of abnormal anal cytological findings, particular regarding local immune cells, is incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this pilot study, 57 PLH underwent longitudinal noninvasive anal sampling over 1 year, including cytology, HPV genotyping, and phenotypic characterization of anomucosal immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anal HPV infection and persistence were highly prevalent. Cytological abnormalities were associated with more concurrent (HR) HPV infections, lower viral loads, and anal immune microenvironment characterized by increased CD4 and CD8 T cells with up-regulated tissue residency, activation, and effector markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noninvasive anal sampling revealed that abnormal anal cytological findings in PLH are characterized by a distinct microenvironmental signature marked by multiple (HR) HPV infections and increased levels of tissue resident, activated, and effector anomucosal T cells, potentially highlighting the important role of local immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  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