{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:49:54Z","timestamp":1791539394547,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United States, testing for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection is recommended for persons from higher-TB-prevalence countries, but guidelines do not address repeat testing for persons with international travel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using 2010\u20132022 data from a Californian federally qualified health center serving an Asian American population, we measured the incidence of TB test conversion (negative to positive result) and proportion of test converters receiving treatment among routinely tested patients (ie, patients with no history of TB infection, at least one prior negative result, and annual or biennial TB testing). We performed a nested case\u2013control study to measure the association between TB test conversion and travel outside the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 5668 patients receiving routine TB testing at annual\/biennial frequencies, conversions occurred in 117 patients with TB skin tests (2.9%) and 52 patients with interferon-gamma release assays (3.2%); the overall test conversion incidence rate was 2.1\/100 person-years. Latent TB infection treatment was initiated in 57% of test converters. Two patients were diagnosed with TB disease after test conversion, representing a 2-year TB incidence rate of 0.35\/100 person-years. Patients with documented international travel had a 1.95-fold increased odds of TB test conversion (95% confidence interval 1.07\u20133.57) compared to patients without documented travel, with most travel occurring in medium or high-TB-prevalence countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within a 13-year study period, among a routinely tested population at higher risk of TB infection due to race and nativity, risk of TB test conversion was low. However, recent travel to higher-TB-prevalence settings nearly doubled the odds of TB test conversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:51:07Z","timestamp":1790164267000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tuberculosis Risk in the Returning Traveler: Assessing Tuberculosis Test Conversion Among Routinely Tested Patients at an Asian American Health Center"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nozomi","family":"Fukui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zinnia","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis and Tuberculosis Program, North East Medical Services , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy S","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis and Tuberculosis Program, North East Medical Services , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Readhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6013-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shereen S","family":"Katrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100905013388600_ofag606-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7312a4","article-title":"Tuberculosis\u2014United States, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026100905013388600_ofag606-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100148","article-title":"Using electronic health record data to measure the latent tuberculosis infection care cascade in safety-net primary care clinics","volume":"2","author":"Vonnahme","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"key":"2026100905013388600_ofag606-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4899","article-title":"Screening for latent Tuberculosis infection in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"329","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026100905013388600_ofag606-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(84)90136-0","article-title":"Asian immigrant tuberculosis\u2014the effect of visiting Asia","volume":"78","author":"McCarthy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"2026100905013388600_ofag606-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad672","article-title":"Recent travel and tuberculosis in migrants: data from a low-incidence country","volume":"78","author":"Schwalb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026100905013388600_ofag606-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-022-01438-1","article-title":"Can primary care drive tuberculosis elimination? 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