{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:39:14Z","timestamp":1792579154796,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two doses of Rotarix demonstrated approximately 64% effectiveness against rotavirus hospitalization in Kenyan children 2.5 years postintroduction. We evaluated long-term Rotarix effectiveness and monitored circulating genotypes over its 8.5 years of use in Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a test-negative case-control study in coastal Kenya among children admitted to Kilifi County Referral Hospital with diarrhea from July 2014 to December 2022. Eligible children had known Rotarix vaccination status, parent\/guardian consent, and rotavirus testing via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positives were genotyped by sequencing. Rotarix effectiveness was estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, calendar year, seasonality, and nutritional status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 1104 children (median age, 12 months [interquartile range, 8\u201318 months]) included in the effectiveness analysis, 87% (962\/1104) had received 2 doses, 6% (70\/1104) 1 dose, and 7% (72\/1104) zero doses. Rotavirus was detected in stool specimens of 147 (13%) children. Overall, adjusted 2-dose Rotarix effectiveness was 68% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42%\u201382%). Effectiveness in children aged &amp;lt;12 months was 83% (95% CI, 62%\u201393%) compared to 38% (95% CI, \u2212106% to 78%) in children aged \u226512 months. Genotyping of 147 positive samples revealed G3P[8] (66\/147 [44.9%]), G1P[8] (32\/147 [21.8%]), and G2P[4] (23\/147 [15.6%]) to be the most common circulating rotavirus genotypes during the Rotarix vaccination era.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rotarix maintained modest effectiveness in coastal Kenya during its 8.5 years of use. Effectiveness declined in the second year of life onward, probably reflecting a combination of both waning immunity and accumulation of natural immunity among unvaccinated children. Emergence of vaccine heterologous strains emphasizes the need for continued effectiveness surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:54:49Z","timestamp":1791374089000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term Rotarix Vaccine Effectiveness in Coastal Kenya, Estimated From Child Hospital Admissions Data From July 2014 to December 2022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0713-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zadock","family":"Kipkirui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0099-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charity","family":"Wamwea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3399-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther N","family":"Katama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robinson","family":"Cheruiyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mutunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustus","family":"Kea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2160-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold W","family":"Lambisia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5426-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D James","family":"Nokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh D","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8114-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline E","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice W","family":"Kagucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N","family":"Agoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2013Wellcome Trust Research Programme , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pwani University , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102105514294600_ofag674-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.037","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccines. 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