{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T14:49:01Z","timestamp":1786200541483,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]],"date-time":"2016-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1031,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background. \u2003We previously suggested that infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) subtype C is associated with bronchiectasis among Indigenous Australians. Bronchiectasis might therefore result from an HTLV-1-mediated inflammatory process that is typically associated with a high HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL). Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 PVL have not been reported for Indigenous Australians.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. \u2003Thirty-six Indigenous adults admitted with bronchiectasis from June 1, 2008, to December 31, 2009 were prospectively recruited and matched by age, sex, and ethno-geographic origin to 36 controls. Case notes and chest high-resolution computed tomographs were reviewed, and pulmonary injury scores were calculated. A PVL assay for the HTLV-1c subtype that infects Indigenous Australians was developed and applied to this study. Clinical, radiological, and virological parameters were compared between groups and according to HTLV-1 serostatus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. \u2003Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection was the main predictor of bronchiectasis in a multivariable model (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19\u20132.84; P = .006). Moreover, the median HTLV-1c PVL (interquartile range) for cases was &amp;gt;100-fold that of controls (cases, 0.319 [0.007, 0.749]; controls, 0.003 [0.000, 0.051] per 100 peripheral blood lymphocytes; P = .007), and HTLV-1c PVL were closely correlated with radiologically determined pulmonary injury scores (Spearman's rho = 0.7457; P = .0000). Other predictors of bronchiectasis were positive Strongyloides serology (aRR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.13\u20132.53) and childhood skin infections (aRR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.07\u20132.44). Bronchiectasis was the major predictor of death (aRR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.36\u20135.39; P = .004).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003These data strongly support an etiological association between HTLV-1 infection and bronchiectasis in a socially disadvantaged population at risk of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,10]],"date-time":"2014-05-10T03:05:35Z","timestamp":1399691135000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Higher Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Subtype C Proviral Loads Are Associated With Bronchiectasis in Indigenous Australians: Results of a Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Einsiedel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Territory Rural Clinical School\/Flinders University, Northern Territory of Australia, Australia"},{"name":"SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Cassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 EPVO, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"CNRS, UMR 3569, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Goeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Alice Springs Hospital, Northern Territory of Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Spelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Territory Rural Clinical School\/Flinders University, Northern Territory of Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, 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