{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:13:21Z","timestamp":1786450401545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1008,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background. \u2003This study was designed to assess the association between diabetes and herpes zoster (HZ) and persistent post-zoster pain (PPZP).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003We used a United States-based, 2005\u20132009 retrospective observational study of medical and pharmacy claims from adults in 3 large national databases. Incidence rate ratios were used to compare HZ incidence by diabetes status. Multivariate regressions assessed the age and sex-adjusted risk of diabetes on HZ and PPZP as a function of immune competence. National projections of HZ and PPZP cases were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. \u2003Among 51 million enrollees (\u223c88 million person-years [PYs] at risk), we identified 420 515 HZ cases. Patients with diabetes represented 8.7% of the PYs analyzed but accounted for 14.5% of the HZ cases and 20.3% of the PPZP cases. The crude incidence of HZ was 78% higher (7.96 vs 4.48 cases\/1000 PY; P &amp;lt; .01) and the rate of PPZP was 50% higher (5.97% vs 3.93%; P &amp;lt; .01) in individuals with diabetes than without. Individuals with diabetes had 45% higher adjusted risk of HZ (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.45; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 1.43\u20131.46) and 18% higher adjusted odds of PPZP (odds ratio = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13\u20131.24). The risk of HZ associated with diabetes among immune-compromised individuals was weaker (HR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07\u20131.14) and the risk of PPZP was no longer significant. Every year, approximately 1.2 million HZ cases occur in US adults, 13% of these occur in individuals with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Diabetes is a risk factor for HZ and PPZP in the US adult population. This association is stronger in immune-competent individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]],"date-time":"2014-07-04T04:43:59Z","timestamp":1404449039000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Incidence of Herpes Zoster and Persistent Post-Zoster Pain in Adults With or Without Diabetes in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Suaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidera, Lexington, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidera, Lexington, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart 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