{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:39:23Z","timestamp":1792427963811,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background. \u2003Surveillance for respiratory diseases in domestic National Army and National Guard training camps began after the United States\u2019 entry into World War I, 17 months before the \u201cSpanish influenza\u201d pandemic appeared.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. \u2003Morbidity, mortality, and case-fatality data from 605 625 admissions and 18 258 deaths recorded for 7 diagnostic categories of respiratory diseases, including influenza and pneumonia, were examined over prepandemic and pandemic periods.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. \u2003High pandemic influenza mortality was primarily due to increased incidence of, but not increased severity of, secondary bacterial pneumonias.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Two prepandemic incidence peaks of probable influenza, in December 1917\u2013January 1918 and in March\u2013April 1918, differed markedly from the September\u2013October 1918 pandemic onset peak in their clinical-epidemiologic features, and they may have been caused by seasonal or endemic viruses. Nevertheless, rising proportions of very low incidence postinfluenza bronchopneumonia (diagnosed at the time as influenza and bronchopneumonia) in early 1918 could have reflected circulation of the pandemic virus 5 months before it emerged in pandemic form. In this study, we discuss the possibility of detecting pandemic viruses before they emerge, by surveillance of special populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,21]],"date-time":"2015-02-21T13:05:01Z","timestamp":1424523901000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influenza Circulation in United States Army Training Camps Before and During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Clues to Early Detection of Pandemic Viral Emergence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Chertow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center"},{"name":"Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongman","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Grantham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery K.","family":"Taubenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Morens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract (bronchitis; influenza; bronchopneumonia; lobar pneumonia)","volume-title":"The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War","author":"Hall","year":"1928"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.05-0979","article-title":"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics","volume":"12","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","article-title":"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness","volume":"198","author":"Morens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)78541-2","article-title":"A virus obtained from influenza patients","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"1933","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5307.1793","article-title":"Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus","volume":"275","author":"Taubenberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1651","article-title":"Origin and evolution of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus hemagglutinin gene","volume":"96","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00201","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00201-12","article-title":"Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus: unexpected rewards from the past","volume":"3","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C8","volume-title":"The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War","author":"Love","year":"1925"},{"key":"2020081006365005400_OFV021C9","first-page":"7","article-title":"Pathology of the acute respiratory diseases. 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