{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:49:55Z","timestamp":1790232595726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":643,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioM\u00e9rieux"},{"name":"BioM\u00e9rieux"},{"name":"Astra Zeneca"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background. \u2003Atypical mycobacteria, or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), have been barely reported as infective endocarditis (IE) agents.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003From January 2010 to December 2013, cardiac valve samples sent to our laboratory as cases of blood culture-negative suspected IE were analyzed by 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When positive for NTM, hsp PCR allowed species ide.jpegication. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, histopathological, and Ziehl-Neelsen staining data were then collected.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. \u2003Over the study period, 6 of 370 cardiac valves (belonging to 5 patients in 3 hospitals) were positive for Mycobacterium chelonae (n = 5) and Mycobacterium le.jpeglavum (n = 1) exclusively on bioprosthetic material. The 5 patients presented to the hospital for heart failure without fever 7.1\u201318.9 months (median 13.1 months) after biological prosthetic valve implantation. Echocardiography revealed paravalvular regurgitation due to prosthesis dehiscence in all patients. Histopathological examination of the explanted material revealed inflammatory infiltrates in all specimens, 3 of which were associated with giant cells. Gram staining and conventional cultures remained negative, whereas Ziehl-Neelsen staining showed acid-fast bacilli in all patients. Allergic etiology was ruled out by antiporcine immunoglobulin E dosages. These 5 cases occurred exclusively on porcine bioprosthetic material, revealing a statistically significant association between bioprosthetic valves and NTM IE (P &amp;lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003The body of evidence confirmed the diagnosis of prosthetic IE. The statistically significant association between bioprosthetic valves and NTM IE encourages systematic Ziehl-Neelsen staining of explanted bioprosthetic valves in case of early bioprosthesis dysfunction, even without an obvious sign of IE. In addition, we strongly question the cardiac bioprosthesis conditioning process after animal sacrifice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]],"date-time":"2015-04-03T16:36:55Z","timestamp":1428079015000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: An Underestimated Cause of Bioprosthetic Valve Infective Endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Coralie","family":"Bouchiat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Saison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maladies Infectieuses, Hospices Civils de Lyon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Boisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Flandrois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1-CNRS UMR 5558, B\u00e2timent Mendel, Villeurbanne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Issartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maladies Infectieuses, Clinique du Tonkin, Villeurbanne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dauwalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Jarraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Grando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d'Hygi\u00e8ne et d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Boibieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maladies Infectieuses, Hospices Civils de Lyon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-B\u00e9nite"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Delahaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Cardiologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Thivolet-Bejui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre de Biologie Est, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Frieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Clinique du Tonkin, Villeurbanne"},{"name":"Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Infirmerie Protestante, Caluire-et-Cuire, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Vandenesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15266-X","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"363","author":"Moreillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000165658.82869.17","article-title":"Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a reference center","volume":"84","author":"Houpikian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis199","article-title":"Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-based survey","volume":"54","author":"Selton-Suty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.319-354.2003","article-title":"Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s","volume":"16","author":"Tortoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(02)00019-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"23","author":"Marras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.52.1.453","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreaks\/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"52","author":"Wallace","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)62596-9","article-title":"Late Mycobacterium chelonei bioprosthetic valve endocarditis: activation of implanted contaminant?","volume":"39","author":"Rumisek","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.4.708","article-title":"Diversity and sources of rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with infections following cardiac surgery","volume":"159","author":"Wallace","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.008","article-title":"Mycobacterium chelonae valve endocarditis resulting from contaminated biological prostheses","volume":"60","author":"Strabelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197609000-00045","article-title":"Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonei","volume":"69","author":"Repath","year":"1976","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)64440-2","article-title":"Opportunistic endocarditis following open-heart surgery","volume":"19","author":"Norenberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)64742-X","article-title":"Rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria: a new enemy of the cardiac surgeon","volume":"46","author":"Robicsek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.763-766.2003","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of infective endocarditis by PCR amplification and direct sequencing of DNA from valve tissue","volume":"41","author":"Gauduchon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.09.005","article-title":"Ethidium monoazide and propidium monoazide for elimination of unspecific DNA background in quantitative universal real-time PCR","volume":"71","author":"Hein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.2.175-178.1993","article-title":"Rapid ide.jpegication of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis","volume":"31","author":"Telenti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1785-1787.2003","article-title":"BIBI, a bioinformatics bacterial ide.jpegication tool","volume":"41","author":"Devulder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.02.013","article-title":"Ribosomal proteins: toward a next generation standard for prokaryotic systematics?","volume":"75","author":"Ramulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1086\/313753","article-title":"Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00435-13","article-title":"Prosthetic valve endocarditis and bloodstream infection due to Mycobacterium chimaera","volume":"51","author":"Achermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236","article-title":"The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies","volume":"7","author":"Barry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.233","article-title":"Link between endocarditis on porcine bioprosthetic valves and allergy to pork","volume":"167","author":"Loyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60021-4","article-title":"A deadly aversion to pork","volume":"377","author":"Fournier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03190.x","article-title":"Bioprosthetic heart valves: modes of failure","volume":"55","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.2.443","article-title":"Rapid development of resistance to clarithromycin following monotherapy for disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae infection in a heart transplant patient","volume":"20","author":"Tebas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.6.807","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of five subgroups of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae","volume":"28","author":"Swenson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.716-746.2002","article-title":"Clinical and taxonomic status of pathogenic nonpigmented or late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria","volume":"15","author":"Brown-Elliott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku062","article-title":"Clinical experience in 52 patients with tigecycline-containing regimens for salvage treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae infections","volume":"69","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(09)70005-1","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus endocarditis: a case report and literature review","volume":"24","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-301","article-title":"A case of Mycobacterium goodii prosthetic valve endocarditis in a non-immunocompromised patient: use of 16S rDNA analysis for rapid diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"J\u00f6nsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197709222971212","article-title":"Mycobacterium chelonei infection of porcine heart valves","volume":"297","author":"Levy","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C32","first-page":"42","article-title":"Isolation of mycobacteria species from porcine heart valve prostheses","volume":"26","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1977","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0763-8","article-title":"Conservative treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum","volume":"21","author":"Kunin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2011.11.001","article-title":"Mycobacterium fortuitum prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case for the pathogenetic role of biofilms","volume":"21","author":"Bosio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C35","first-page":"19","article-title":"Intravascular stent-related endocarditis due to rapidly growing mycobacteria: a new problem in the developing world","volume":"63","author":"Soman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"2020081006463219300_OFV047C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.36.6.839-846.1978","article-title":"Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants","volume":"36","author":"Carson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/ofv047\/33621103\/ofv047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/ofv047\/33621103\/ofv047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T10:49:31Z","timestamp":1597056571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofv047\/1412171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofv047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"article-number":"ofv047"}}