{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:41:16Z","timestamp":1791934876259,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article provides a comprehensive review of currently available treatment options for infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is an emerging and serious global public health threat. Carbapenems have been used as the \u201clast-line\u201d treatment for infections caused by resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including those producing extended spectrum \u00df-lactamases. However, Enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemases, which are enzymes that deactivate carbapenems and most other \u00df-lactam antibiotics, have emerged and are increasingly being reported worldwide. Despite this increasing burden, the most optimal treatment for CRE infections is largely unknown. For the few remaining available treatment options, there are limited efficacy data to support their role in therapy. Nevertheless, current treatment options include the use of older agents, such as polymyxins, fosfomycin, and aminoglycosides, which have been rarely used due to efficacy and\/or toxicity concerns. Optimization of dosing regimens and combination therapy are additional treatment strategies being explored. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections are associated with poor outcomes and high mortality. Continued research is critically needed to determine the most appropriate treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T20:50:36Z","timestamp":1430859036000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Treatment Options for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Haley J.","family":"Morrill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island, Kingston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Pogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith S.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry L.","family":"LaPlante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island, Kingston"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.03.003","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: here is the storm!","volume":"18","author":"Nordmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C3","volume-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4438","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4438-4440.2004","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzyme KPC-2 in an Enterobacter sp","volume":"48","author":"Hossain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1086\/497831","article-title":"Dissemination of the metallo-beta-lactamase gene blaIMP-4 among gram-negative pathogens in a clinical setting in Australia","volume":"41","author":"Peleg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00299-07","article-title":"Emergence of KPC-2 and KPC-3 in carbapenem-resistnt Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in an Israeli hospital","volume":"51","author":"Leavitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03823.x","article-title":"Interventional strategies and current clinical experience with carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"18","author":"Akova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2020081006463245400_OFV050C8","first-page":"890","article-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 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