{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:54:04Z","timestamp":1792000444389,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":680,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute-phase reactants such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein have traditionally been used as markers for inflammation and as a measure of \u201csickness index\u201d in infectious and noninfectious conditions. In the last decade, more data have become available on the wider and more specific role for these markers in the management of complex infections. This includes the potential role in early diagnosis, in differentiating infectious from noninfectious causes, as a prognostic marker, and in antibiotic guidance strategies. A better defined role for biological markers as a supplement to clinical assessment may lead to more judicious antibiotic prescriptions, and it has the potential for a long-term favorable impact on antimicrobial stewardship and antibiotic resistance. Procalcitonin as a biological marker has been of particular interest in this regard. This review examines the current published evidence and summarizes the role of various acute-phase markers in infections. A MEDLINE search of English-language articles on acute-phase reactants and infections published between 1986 and March 2015 was conducted. Additional articles were also identified through a search of references from the retrieved articles, published guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T21:11:39Z","timestamp":1435957899000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":237,"title":["Acute Phase Reactants in Infections: Evidence-Based Review and a Guide for Clinicians"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Anurag","family":"Markanday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Fraser Health Authority"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Abbotsford Regional Hospital and Cancer Center, Abbotsford, British Columbia"},{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C1","first-page":"84","article-title":"Acute phase reactants in inflammation and infection","volume":"25","author":"Dowton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation","volume":"340","author":"Gabay","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.52.4.561","article-title":"Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus","volume":"52","author":"Tillett","year":"1930","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90224-4","article-title":"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. From folklore to facts","volume":"78","author":"Bedell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1996.159291.x","article-title":"Human serum amyloid A (SAA) protein: a prominent acute-phase reactant for clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Malle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360100056007","article-title":"Factors influencing erythrocyte sedimentation in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"145","author":"Shusterman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360200151024","article-title":"Clinical significance of extreme elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation 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A review of its diagnostic role in systemic inflammatory diseases and joint infections","volume":"54","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01199","article-title":"Inflammatory blood laboratory levels as markers of prosthetic joint infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Berbari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2020081009164365400_OFV098C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199905000-00008","article-title":"Prospective analysis of preoperative and intraoperative investigations for the diagnosis of infection at the sites of two hundred and two revision total hip arthroplasties","volume":"81","author":"Spangehl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg 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