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The incidence of the respective endpoints were assessed among SHCS and CoLaus participants. Poisson regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. \u2003Overall, 74 291 participants contributed data to prevalence analyses (3230 HIV-infected; 71 061 controls). In CoLaus, FIRE, and SHCS, multimorbidity was present among 26%, 13%, and 27% of participants. Compared with nonsmoking individuals from CoLaus, the incidence of cardiovascular disease was elevated among smoking individuals but independent of HIV status (HIV-negative smoking: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2\u20132.5; HIV-positive smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1\u20132.6; HIV-positive nonsmoking: IRR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.44\u20131.4). Compared with nonsmoking HIV-negative persons, multivariable Poisson regression ide.jpegied associations of HIV infection with hypertension (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5\u20132.4; smoking: IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6\u20132.4), kidney (nonsmoking: IRR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.9\u20133.8; smoking: IRR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.9\u20133.6), and liver disease (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4\u20132.4; smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4\u20132.2). No evidence was found for an association of HIV-infection or smoking with diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Multimorbidity is more prevalent and incident in HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals. Smoking, but not HIV status, has a strong impact on cardiovascular risk and multimorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,9]],"date-time":"2015-07-09T00:54:12Z","timestamp":1436403252000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hasse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Tarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital Baselland Bruderholz, University of Basel, 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