{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:12:27Z","timestamp":1753877547729,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":680,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AI070001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AI070001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AA13566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AA13566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 CA180775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 CA180775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background. \u2003End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is an important cause of morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients. Qua.jpegying the risk of this outcome over time could help determine which coinfected patients should be targeted for risk factor modification and HCV treatment. We evaluated demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables to predict risk of ESLD in HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. \u2003We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 6016 HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients who received ART within the Veterans Health Administration between 1997 and 2010. The main outcome was incident ESLD, defined by hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver-related death. Cox regression was used to develop prognostic models based on baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables, including FIB-4 and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, previously validated markers of hepatic fibrosis. Model performance was assessed by discrimination and decision curve analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. \u2003Among 6016 HIV\/HCV patients, 532 (8.8%) developed ESLD over a median of 6.6 years. A model comprising FIB-4 and race had modest discrimination for ESLD (c-statistic, 0.73) and higher net benefit than alternative strategies of treating no or all coinfected patients at relevant risk thresholds. For FIB-4 &amp;gt;3.25, ESLD risk ranged from 7.9% at 1 year to 26.0% at 5 years among non-blacks and from 2.4% at 1 year to 14.0% at 5 years among blacks.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Race and FIB-4 provided important predictive information on ESLD risk among HIV\/HCV patients. Estimating risk of ESLD using these variables could help direct HCV treatment decisions among HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,10]],"date-time":"2015-07-10T00:49:36Z","timestamp":1436489376000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predicting Risk of End-Stage Liver Disease in Antiretroviral-Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"Vincent","family":"Lo Re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"},{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"},{"name":"Medical Service, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kallan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet P.","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew Bidwell","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina B.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rimland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta VA Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Rodriguez-Barradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeel A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Hamad Healthcare Quality Institute, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Gibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheldon T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James J. Peters VA Medical Center and Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dubrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Rajender","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay R.","family":"Kostman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Russell","family":"Localio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1086\/339042","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus prevalence among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group","volume":"34","author":"Sherman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23136","article-title":"Fast fibrosis progression between repeated liver biopsies in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus\/hepatitis C virus","volume":"50","author":"Macias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1829","article-title":"Hepatic decompensation in antiretroviral-treated patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus compared with hepatitis C virus-monoinfected patients: a cohort study","volume":"160","author":"Lo Re","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.15.1632","article-title":"Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study","volume":"166","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21757","article-title":"Clinical progression of hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"46","author":"Pineda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu675","article-title":"Simeprevir (TMC435) with pegylated interferon\/ribavirin in patients coinfected with HCV genotype 1 and HIV-1: a phase 3 study","volume":"59","author":"Dieterich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7734","article-title":"Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C in patients with HIV coinfection","volume":"312","author":"Sulkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12066","article-title":"Patients with HCV and F1 and F2 fibrosis stage: treat now or wait?","volume":"33","author":"Shiffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"(8 Suppl 2)","key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000223670.00890.74","article-title":"Development and verification of a \u201cvirtual\u201d cohort using the National VA Health Information System","volume":"44","author":"Fultz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117426","article-title":"Mortality ascertainment in the veteran population: alternatives to the National Death Index","volume":"141","author":"Fisher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199809000-00010","article-title":"Using the National Death Index to obtain underlying cause of death codes","volume":"40","author":"Sathiakumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.8722","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel","volume":"312","author":"Gunthard","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199010000-00003","article-title":"The effects of monitoring and feedback on compliance","volume":"28","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198808000-00007","article-title":"A general method of compliance assessment using centralized pharmacy records. Description and validation","volume":"26","author":"Steiner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281532b31","article-title":"Adherence, virological and immunological outcomes for HIV-infected veterans starting combination antiretroviral therapies","volume":"21","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.002","article-title":"A time-to-prescription-refill measure of antiretroviral adherence predicted changes in viral load in HIV","volume":"57","author":"Grossberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.724104","article-title":"When more is not better: treatment intensification among hypertensive patients with poor medication adherence","volume":"117","author":"Heisler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00268-5","article-title":"The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: methods, validity, and applications","volume":"50","author":"Steiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7844","article-title":"Relationship of liver disease stage and antiviral therapy with liver-related events and death in adults coinfected with HIV\/HCV","volume":"308","author":"Limketkai","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2148","article-title":"Validity of diagnostic codes and liver-related laboratory abnormalities to ide.jpegy hepatic decompensation events in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Lo Re","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00604","article-title":"HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Kirk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178","article-title":"Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV\/HCV coinfection","volume":"43","author":"Sterling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50346","article-title":"A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"38","author":"Wai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200401001-00008","article-title":"Psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders among HIV-positive and negative veterans in care: Veterans Aging Cohort Five-Site Study","volume":"18(","author":"Justice","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20289","article-title":"Risk of diabetes in HIV infected veterans pre- and post-HAART and the role of HCV coinfection","volume":"40","author":"Butt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C26","volume-title":"Modeling Survival Data in Medical Research","author":"Collett","year":"2003","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361","article-title":"Decision curve analysis: a novel method for evaluating prediction models","volume":"26","author":"Vickers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration","volume":"162","author":"Moons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500204","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing values: update","volume":"5","author":"Royston","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Stata Journal"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.2135","article-title":"The high price of the new hepatitis C virus drugs","volume":"174","author":"Steinbrook","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.18.1837","article-title":"Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories","volume":"97","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0543-5","article-title":"FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK","volume":"19","author":"Kanis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834fa121","article-title":"Assessing mortality in women with hepatitis C virus and HIV using indirect markers of fibrosis","volume":"26","author":"Bambha","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0582","article-title":"FIB-4 index is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk in HIV-infected patients","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25859","article-title":"Lower liver-related death in African-American women with human immunodeficiency virus\/hepatitis C virus coinfection, compared to Caucasian and Hispanic women","volume":"56","author":"Sarkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.214","article-title":"Racial differences in the progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV-infected veterans","volume":"109","author":"El-Serag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21714","article-title":"Selective decrease in hepatitis C virus-specific immunity among African Americans and outcome of antiviral therapy","volume":"46","author":"Rosen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26506","article-title":"Association of IL28B genotype with fibrosis progression and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"58","author":"Noureddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir113","article-title":"Influence of interleukin-28B single-nucleotide polymorphisms on progression to liver cirrhosis in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy","volume":"203","author":"Barreiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081009165360600_OFV109C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit827","article-title":"IFNL4-deltaG genotype is associated with slower viral clearance in hepatitis C, genotype-1 patients treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin","volume":"209","author":"Meissner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/2\/3\/ofv109\/33621433\/ofv109.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/2\/3\/ofv109\/33621433\/ofv109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T03:28:59Z","timestamp":1748489339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofv109\/2460426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofv109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2328-8957"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"article-number":"ofv109"}}