{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:04:00Z","timestamp":1791349440615,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background. \u2003Antibiotic use predisposes patients to Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), and approximately 32% of these infections are community-associated (CA) CDI. The population-level impact of antibiotic use on adult CA-CDI rates is not well described.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003We used 2011 active population- and laboratory-based surveillance data from 9 US geographic locations to identify adult CA-CDI cases, defined as C difficile-positive stool specimens (by toxin or molecular assay) collected from outpatients or from patients \u22643 days after hospital admission. All patients were surveillance area residents and aged \u226520 years with no positive test \u22648 weeks prior and no overnight stay in a healthcare facility \u226412 weeks prior. Outpatient oral antibiotic prescriptions dispensed in 2010 were obtained from the IMS Health Xponent database. Regression models examined the association between outpatient antibiotic prescribing and adult CA-CDI rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003Healthcare providers prescribed 5.2 million courses of antibiotics among adults in the surveillance population in 2010, for an average of 0.73 per person. Across surveillance sites, antibiotic prescription rates (0.50\u20130.88 prescriptions per capita) and unadjusted CA-CDI rates (40.7\u2013139.3 cases per 100 000 persons) varied. In regression modeling, reducing antibiotic prescribing rates by 10% among persons \u226520 years old was associated with a 17% (95% confidence interval, 6.0%\u201326.3%; P = .032) decrease in CA-CDI rates after adjusting for age, gender, race, and type of diagnostic assay. Reductions in prescribing penicillins and amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid were associated with the greatest decreases in CA-CDI rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions and Relevance. \u2003Community-associated CDI prevention should include reducing unnecessary outpatient antibiotic use. A modest reduction of 10% in outpatient antibiotic prescribing can have a disproportionate impact on reducing CA-CDI rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:30:08Z","timestamp":1439339408000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Association Between Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Practices and Community-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Raymund","family":"Dantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri A.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"},{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Bamberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zintars G.","family":"Beldavs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health Authority, Portland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghinwa","family":"Dumyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester Medical Center, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica M.","family":"Farley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, Atlanta"},{"name":"Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Holzbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Meek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Phipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico, Albuquerque"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Emerging Infections Program Baltimore"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa G.","family":"Winston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"San Francisco General Hospital, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Clifford","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda C.","family":"Lessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081009165590700_OFV113C1","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Infections (CDI) in Hospital Stays, 2009: Statistical Brief #124. 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