{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:46:20Z","timestamp":1768038380762,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":680,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U51\/IP000155-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U51\/IP000155-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background. \u2003Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. \u2003Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1\u201377.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children &amp;lt;5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36\u201339) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children &amp;lt;1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864\u2013989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5\u201310.3).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children &amp;lt;5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,20]],"date-time":"2015-09-20T00:08:55Z","timestamp":1442707735000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Adam L.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip K.","family":"Sahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg"},{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florette","family":"Treurnicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"},{"name":"School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Groome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden"},{"name":"INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex"},{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Variava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Tempia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marthi","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit, University of Pretoria"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Moyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"},{"name":"School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A. S.","family":"Olorunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babatyi","family":"Malope-Kgokong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lazarus","family":"Kuonza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shabir A.","family":"Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"},{"name":"Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology\/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marietjie","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit, University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg"},{"name":"School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081009271196900_OFV139C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01555088","article-title":"A study of the antibodies against parainfluenza viruses in childrens\u2019 sera","volume":"14","author":"Stark","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Gesamte Virusforsch"},{"key":"2020081009271196900_OFV139C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1086\/319690","article-title":"Half-life of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3) maternal antibody and cumulative proportion of hPIV3 infection in young infants","volume":"183","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081009271196900_OFV139C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.11.034","article-title":"Parainfluenza virus infection of young children: estimates of the population-based burden of hospitalization","volume":"154","author":"Weinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2020081009271196900_OFV139C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00003","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 6 years of age in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Counihan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis 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