{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T11:10:05Z","timestamp":1761217805083,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":680,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background. \u2003Studying the most extreme example of late diagnosis, new HIV diagnoses after death, may be instructive to HIV testing efforts. Using the results of routine HIV testing of autopsies performed by the Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME), we identified new HIV diagnoses after death in New York City (NYC) from 2008 to 2012.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003Population-based registries for HIV and deaths were linked to identify decedents not known to be HIV-infected before death. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine correlates of a new HIV diagnosis after death among all persons newly diagnosed with HIV and among all HIV-infected decedents receiving an OCME autopsy.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. \u2003Of 264 893 deaths, 24 426 (9.2%) were autopsied by the NYC OCME. Of these, 1623 (6.6%) were infected with HIV, including 142 (8.8%) with a new HIV diagnosis at autopsy. This represents 0.8% (142 of 18 542) of all new HIV diagnoses during the 5-year period. Decedents newly diagnosed with HIV at OCME autopsy were predominantly male (73.9%), aged 13\u201364 years (85.9%), non-white (85.2%), unmarried (81.7%), less than college educated (83.8%), and residents of an impoverished neighborhood (62.0%). Of all HIV-infected OCME decedents aged \u226565 years (n = 71), 22.0% were diagnosed at autopsy. The strongest independent correlate of new HIV diagnosis at autopsy in both multivariable models was age \u226565 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses first made after death are rare, but, when observed, these diagnoses are more commonly found among persons \u226565 years, suggesting that despite highly visible efforts to promote HIV testing community-wide, timely diagnosis among older adults living in impoverished, high-prevalence neighborhoods may require additional strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T01:09:36Z","timestamp":1443661776000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Newly Diagnosed at Autopsy in New York City, 2008\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Chitra","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Control"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Ellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons"},{"name":"ICAP, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Control"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Sepkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Control"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C1","article-title":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, HIV Seroprevalence Update"},{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C2","first-page":"849","article-title":"Sentinel surveillance for HIV-1 among pregnant women in a developing country: 3 years\u2019 experience and comparison with a population serosurvey","author":"Kigadye","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13313J","article-title":"Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in medicolegal autopsies in Finland--monitoring early changes in HIV-seropositivity among risk groups and average population","volume":"37","author":"Karhunen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1720","article-title":"HIV seroprevalence among suicide victims in New York City, 1991\u20131993","volume":"154","author":"Marzuk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14262J","article-title":"HIV seroprevalence rates among homicide victims in New York City: 1991\u20131993","volume":"42","author":"Tardiff","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"volume-title":"HIV Surveillance Annual Report, 2013","author":"HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Program","key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C6"},{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C7","first-page":"1","article-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2020081009364782600_OFV146C8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for national human immunodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 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