{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:55:29Z","timestamp":1782989729145,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":308,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Background. \u2003Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant medical problem , particularly for patients with neurological conditions and the elderly. Detection is often difficult in these patients, resulting in delayed diagnoses and more serious infections such as pyelonephritis and life-threatening sepsis. Many patients have a higher risk of UTIs because of impaired bladder function, catheterization, and lack of symptoms. Urinary tract infections are the most common nosocomial infection; however, better strategies are needed to improve early detection of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. \u2003In this double-blinded, case-control, validation study, we obtained fresh urine samples daily in a consecutive case series over a period of 16 weeks. Dogs were trained to distinguish urine samples that were culture-positive for bacteriuria from those of culture-negative controls, using reward-based clicker and treat methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. \u2003Samples were obtained from 687 individuals (from 3 months to 92 years of age; 86% female and 14% male; 34% culture-positive and 66% culture-negative controls). Dogs detected urine samples positive for 100 000 colony-forming units\/mL Escherichia coli (N = 250 trials; sensitivity 99.6%, specificity 91.5%). Dilution of E coli urine with distilled water did not affect accuracy at 1% (sensitivity 100%, specificity 91.1%) or 0.1% (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.6%) concentration. Diagnostic accuracy was similar to Enterococcus (n = 50; sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.9%), Klebsiella (n = 50; sensitivity 100%, specificity 95.1%), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 50; sensitivity 100%, specificity 96.3%). All dogs performed with similarly high accuracy: overall sensitivity was at or near 100%, and specificity was above 90%.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Canine scent detection is an accurate and feasible method for detection of bacteriuria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]],"date-time":"2016-03-10T01:53:50Z","timestamp":1457574830000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Detection of Bacteriuria by Canine Olfaction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Maureen","family":"Maurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Dogs of Hawaii, Makawao, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pine Street Foundation, San Anselmo, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel 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