{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:23:54Z","timestamp":1792815834498,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,25]],"date-time":"2016-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":329,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012729","name":"Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR000439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH Roadmap for Medical Research"},{"name":"Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs"},{"name":"Veterans Integrated Service Network-10 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nh3sx96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background. \u2003Little is known about the American public's perceptions or knowledge about antibiotic-resistant bacteria or antibiotic misuse. We hypothesized that although many people recognize antibiotic resistance as a problem, they may not understand the relationship between antibiotic consumption and selection of resistant bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. \u2003We developed and tested a survey asking respondents about their perceptions and knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use. Respondents were recruited with the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. The survey, carefully designed to assess a crowd-sourced population, asked respondents to explain \u201cantibiotic resistance\u201d in their own words. Subsequent questions were multiple choice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. \u2003Of 215 respondents, the vast majority agreed that inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antibiotic resistance (92%), whereas a notable proportion (70%) responded neutrally or disagreed with the statement that antibiotic resistance is a problem. Over 40% of respondents indicated that antibiotics were the best choice to treat a fever or a runny nose and sore throat. Major themes from the free-text responses included that antibiotic resistance develops by bacteria, or by the infection, or the body (ie, an immune response). Minor themes included antibiotic overuse and antibiotic resistance caused by bacterial adaptation or an immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. \u2003Our findings indicate that the public is aware that antibiotic misuse contributes to antibiotic resistance, but many do not consider it to be an important problem. The free-text responses suggest specific educational targets, including the difference between an immune response and bacterial adaptation, to increase awareness and understanding of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T00:13:38Z","timestamp":1464826418000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["A Survey and Analysis of the American Public's Perceptions and Knowledge About Antibiotic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Rebecca R.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L. P.","family":"Jump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University"},{"name":"Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center and Infectious Disease Section, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Threats in the United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707500","article-title":"Clostridium difficile\u2014more difficult than ever","volume":"359","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.751","article-title":"Clinical and economic burden of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"6","author":"Maragakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1086\/605630","article-title":"Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago teaching hospital: implications for antibiotic stewardship","volume":"49","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C5","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00145","article-title":"The antimicrobial resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management","volume":"2","author":"Michael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C7","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: Multi-country public awareness survey","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq126","article-title":"The English antibiotic awareness campaigns: did they change the public's knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use?","volume":"65","author":"McNulty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3716","article-title":"General population's knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Gualano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020591","article-title":"Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics","volume":"9","author":"Vanden Eng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00344.x","article-title":"The \u2018minimizing antibiotic resistance in Colorado\u2019 project: impact of patient education in improving antibiotic use in private office practices","volume":"40","author":"Gonzales","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6428a5","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use among adult consumers, adult Hispanic consumers, and health care providers\u2014United States, 2012\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl558","article-title":"Don't wear me out\u2014the public's knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use","volume":"59","author":"McNulty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0124-6","article-title":"Conducting behavioral research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk","volume":"44","author":"Mason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085508","article-title":"Crowdsourcing awareness: exploration of the ovarian cancer knowledge gap through Amazon Mechanical Turk","volume":"9","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002205","article-title":"Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk","volume":"5","author":"Paolacci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4310\/SII.2014.v7.n2.a7","article-title":"Modern sample size determination for unordered categorical data","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat Interface"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C18","article-title":"Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C19","article-title":"R: The R Project for Statistical Computing"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986274.n12","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research","volume-title":"The Qualitative Researcher's Companion","author":"Ritchie","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Text mining infrastructure in R","volume":"25","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network research","volume":"1695","author":"Csardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inter J Complex Syst"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1108\/eb046814","article-title":"An algorithm for suffix stripping","volume":"14","author":"Porter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Program"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C24","article-title":"2010 Census Data","author":"United States Census 2010"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm103","article-title":"Public attitudes towards bacterial resistance: a qualitative study","volume":"59","author":"Hawkings","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq104","article-title":"A survey of public knowledge and awareness related to antibiotic use and resistance in Sweden","volume":"65","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1916-1","article-title":"\u2018The body gets used to them\u2019: patients' interpretations of antibiotic resistance and the implications for containment strategies","volume":"27","author":"Brookes-Howell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020591","article-title":"Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics","volume":"9","author":"Vanden Eng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6428a5","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use among adult consumers, adult Hispanic consumers, and health care providers--United States, 2012\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Francois Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020081006163103300_OFW112C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3807","article-title":"Rapid grading of fundus photographs for diabetic retinopathy using crowdsourcing","volume":"16","author":"Brady","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Internet"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/3\/3\/ofw112\/33622293\/ofw112.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/3\/3\/ofw112\/33622293\/ofw112.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T14:30:51Z","timestamp":1692369051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofw112\/2593257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofw112","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"article-number":"ofw112"}}