{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:58:49Z","timestamp":1760385529813,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":343,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children\u2019s Hospitals"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008136","name":"Case Western Reserve University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008136","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI097284-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI097284-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants are virtually sterile at birth and frequently use antibiotics; our objective was to (1) characterize the longitudinal colonization with bacterial pathogens and associated antibiotic resistance in a cohort of community-dwelling infants in Northeast Ohio and (2) describe longitudinal concurrent antibiotic and daycare exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>For 35 newborns, nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae, anterior nasal for Staphylococcus aureus, and perirectal for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative enteric bacteria, at 3-month intervals for 12 months. Infant and household antibiotics and daycare exposure were assessed longitudinally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen infants received perinatal or nursery antibiotics. By 3 months, at least 22 were colonized with Gram-negative bacteria; 2 with S pneumoniae (type 19A, resistant; 15C, susceptible), 5 with methicillin-susceptible S aureus. By 12 months, at least 22 of 35 infants received antibiotics, 20 had household members with antibiotics, and 12 attended daycare; 7 more had household members with daycare exposure. The ESBL-producing organisms were not identified. At least 10 infants were colonized at some time with an antibiotic-resistant organism, 3 more with pathogens displaying intermediate resistance. Pathogen colonization and resistance were intermittent and inconsistent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a community-based cohort followed from birth, early antibiotic and daycare exposures are common, especially considering perinatal maternal exposures. Colonization patterns of Gram-negative bacteria, S pneumoniae, S aureus, and resistant pneumococci are strikingly dynamic. Further research can identify key areas for potential interventions to maximize clinical antibiotic outcomes while minimizing future resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,16]],"date-time":"2016-10-16T01:20:53Z","timestamp":1476580853000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bacterial Colonization and Antibiotic Resistance in a Prospective Cohort of Newborn Infants During the First Year of Life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Sharon B.","family":"Meropol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of 1 Pediatrics"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics"},{"name":"The Center for Child Health and Policy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Rainbow Babies and Children\u2019s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt 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