{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:45Z","timestamp":1778803245868,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["KL2 TR001115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR001115"]}]},{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Pilot"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007299","name":"Harvard Catalyst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013479","name":"Bay Area Lyme Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ken and Sherrilyn Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["K24 AI093969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AI093969"]}]},{"name":"Michigan Lyme Disease Association","award":["cI00171-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cI00171-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most Lyme disease cases in the Midwestern United States are reported in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In recent years, however, a widening geographic extent of Lyme disease has been noted with evidence of expansion eastwards into Michigan and neighboring states with historically low incidence rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected confirmed and probable cases of Lyme disease from 2000 through 2014 from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, entering them in a geographic information system. We performed spatial focal cluster analyses to characterize Lyme disease expansion. We compared the distribution of human cases with recent Ixodes scapularis tick distribution studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lyme disease cases in both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan expanded more than 5-fold over the study period. Although increases were seen throughout the Upper Peninsula, the Lower Peninsula particularly expanded along the Indiana border north along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Human cases corresponded to a simultaneous expansion in established I scapularis tick populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The geographic distribution of Lyme disease cases significantly expanded in Michigan between 2000 and 2014, particularly northward along the Lake Michigan shore. If such dynamic trends continue, Michigan\u2014and possibly neighboring areas of Indiana, Ohio, and Ontario, Canada\u2014can expect a continued increase in Lyme disease cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T02:10:21Z","timestamp":1484014221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Geographic Expansion of Lyme Disease in Michigan, 2000\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Lantos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"General Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife"},{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lise E.","family":"Nigrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Auwaerter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vance G.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Ruffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Hickling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081005065612900_CIT0001","volume-title":"Reported cases of Lyme disease by state or locality, 2004\u20132013","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2020081005065612900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu397","article-title":"Lyme disease testing by large commercial laboratories in the United 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