{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:01:55Z","timestamp":1774382515129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urogenital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma hematobium infection is hypothesized to cause increased HIV-1 RNA shedding in semen in HIV co-infected men as result of chronic egg-induced inflammation in the prostate and the seminal vesicles. The effect of treatment with the antihelminthic agent praziquantel on seminal HIV-1 RNA load was assessed in this study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV-1 RNA load was determined in blood plasma and semen at baseline and at 10-week follow-up. Praziquantel was administered at baseline and two weeks later.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eighteen HIV-positive men with S. haematobium co-infection were enrolled into the study. Status of antiretroviral therapy (ART): 6 ART-na\u00efve and 12 ART-experienced. All participants became egg-negative in urine at follow-up. Among the ART-na\u00efve men, the mean HIV-1 RNA load decreased by 0.32 log10 copies per mL (4.41 vs 4.09) in blood plasma from baseline to follow-up, and in semen by 1.06 log10 copies per mL (4.06 vs 3.00).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrated a decline in seminal HIV-1 RNA load following praziquantel treatment of urogenital schistosomiasis infection in HIV-positive men. The finding needs further exploration in a larger randomized study targeting praziquantel as a supplementary preventive measure of sexual transmission of HIV-1 in S. haematobium endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T04:24:25Z","timestamp":1505449465000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Decrease in Seminal HIV-1 RNA Load After Praziquantel Treatment of Urogenital Schistosomiasis Coinfection in HIV-Positive Men\u2014An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Midzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Mudenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Foldager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter D C","family":"Leutscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research, Regional Hospital North Denmark, Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70001-5","article-title":"HIV and schistosomiasis co-infection in African children","volume":"14","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0005"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395","article-title":"Association of Schistosomiasis and HIV infection in Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"Downs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0652","article-title":"Association between Schistosoma haematobium exposure and human immunodeficiency virus Infection among females in Mozambique","volume":"94","author":"Brodish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249400500517","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis as a risk-factor for the transmission of HIV","volume":"5","author":"Feldmeier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.10.008","article-title":"A review of female genital schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"Kjetland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001170","article-title":"Increased vascularity in cervicovaginal mucosa with Schistosoma haematobium infection","volume":"5","author":"Jourdan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0135","article-title":"HIV target cells in Schistosoma haematobium-infected female genital mucosa","volume":"85","author":"Jourdan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04856-4","article-title":"Community-based study of genital schistosomiasis in men from Madagascar","volume":"355","author":"Leutscher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02190-9","article-title":"Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group","volume":"349","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.779","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the male pelvic organs. Severity of infection as determined by digestion of tissue and histologic methods in 300 cadavers","volume":"19","author":"Gelfand","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90027-9","article-title":"The pathology of schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Nigeria with special reference to the appendix, brain, pancreas and genital organs","volume":"69","author":"Edington","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0017","first-page":"245","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the prostate and the seminal vesicles: observations in Zambia","volume":"91","author":"Patil","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1086\/429334","article-title":"Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals","volume":"191","author":"Leutscher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.422","article-title":"Eosinophil cationic protein, soluble egg antigen, circulating anodic antigen, and egg excretion in male urogenital schistosomiasis","volume":"79","author":"Leutscher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200410000-00009","article-title":"Morbidity in schistosomiasis: an update","volume":"17","author":"Vennervald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003014","article-title":"Distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in Zimbabwe: towards a national plan of action for control and elimination","volume":"8","author":"Midzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0022","first-page":"227","article-title":"Field studies of a reusable polyamide filter for detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs by urine filtration","volume":"33","author":"Mott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0023","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0585","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis in women of reproductive age in Tanzania\u2019s Lake Victoria region","volume":"84","author":"Downs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv035","article-title":"Gynecological manifestations, histopathological findings, and schistosoma-specific polymerase chain reaction results among women with Schistosoma haematobium infection: a cross-sectional study in Madagascar","volume":"212","author":"Randrianasolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201250-00011","article-title":"The effects of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 RNA loads in seminal plasma in HIV-positive patients with and without urethritis","volume":"16","author":"Sadiq","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8946","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8946-8952.2000","article-title":"Effects of genital tract inflammation on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 populations in blood and semen","volume":"74","author":"Ping","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000209895.82255.08","article-title":"Lower genitourinary tract sources of seminal HIV","volume":"41","author":"Coombs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328353b11b","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress HIV in semen of sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men","volume":"26","author":"Politch","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1086\/517436","article-title":"High levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and semen of seropositive men in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"177","author":"Politch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328351b9e3","article-title":"The effects of schistosomiasis on HIV\/AIDS infection, progression and transmission","volume":"7","author":"Secor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6668-6671.2003","article-title":"Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"71","author":"Secor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098593","article-title":"Effect of female genital schistosomiasis and anti-schistosomal treatment on monocytes, CD4+ T-cells and CCR5 expression in the female genital tract","volume":"9","author":"Kleppa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181812d15","article-title":"The effect of genital tract infections on HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010249","article-title":"The effects of urethritis on seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA loads in homosexual men not receiving antiretroviral therapy","volume":"81","author":"Sadiq","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2020081005185863400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00012","article-title":"Viral burden in genital secretions determines male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV-1: a probabilistic empiric model","volume":"15","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/4\/4\/ofx199\/33623983\/ofx199.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/4\/4\/ofx199\/33623983\/ofx199.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T09:27:15Z","timestamp":1597051635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofx199\/4158465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofx199","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"article-number":"ofx199"}}