{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:23:28Z","timestamp":1790717008812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]],"date-time":"2017-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01A 1069145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01A 1069145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Senegal, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus, circulates in a sylvatic and urban\/domestic cycle and has caused sporadic human cases and epidemics since 1960s. However, the real impact of the CHIKV sylvatic cycle in humans and mechanisms underlying its emergence still remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One thousand four hundred nine suspect cases of CHIKV infection, recruited from 5 health facilities located in Kedougou region, south-eastern Senegal, between May 2009 to March 2010, together with 866 serum samples collected from schoolchildren from 4 elementary schools in May and November 2009 from Kedougou were screened for anti-CHIKV immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies and, when appropriate, for viral nucleic acid by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) and virus isolation. In addition, mosquitoes collected in the same area from May 2009 to January 2010 were tested for CHIKV by rPCR and by virus isolation, and 116 monkeys sera collected from March 2010 to May 2010 were tested for anti-CHIKV IgM and neutralizing antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main clinical manifestations of the CHIKV suspect cases were headache, myalgia, and arthralgia. Evidence for CHIKV infection was observed in 1.4% (20 of 1409) of patients among suspect cases. No significant difference was observed among age or sex groups. In addition, 25 (2.9%) students had evidence of CHIKV infection in November 2009. Chikungunya virus was detected in 42 pools of mosquitoes, mainly from Aedes furcifer, and 83% of monkeys sampled were seropositive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings further documented that CHIKV is maintained in a sylvatic transmission cycle among monkeys and Aedes mosquitoes in Kedougou, and humans become infected by exposure to the virus in the forest.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]],"date-time":"2017-12-02T10:48:14Z","timestamp":1512211694000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Chikungunya Outbreak in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal in 2009\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Abdourahmane","family":"Sow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal"},{"name":"Institut Sant\u00e9 et D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Medical Entomology Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diawo","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Medical Entomology Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh T","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Medical Entomology Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Guerbois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Weidmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssoupha","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Sanitaire de Saraya, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh Sadibou","family":"Senghor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Sanitaire de Kedougou, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdourahmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Medical Virology Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane M","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Medical Virology Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakary","family":"Sadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at El Paso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anta T","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sant\u00e9 et D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Malvy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou Alpha","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400044442","article-title":"The Newala epidemic. III. The virus: isolation, pathogenic properties and relationship to the epidemic","volume":"54","author":"Ross","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10118","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.21.10118-10131.2001","article-title":"Evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses","volume":"75","author":"Powers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0003","first-page":"79","article-title":"Chikungunya virus outbreak in Senegal in 1996 and 1997","volume":"92","author":"Thonnon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.281","article-title":"Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles","volume":"60","author":"Diallo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-35","article-title":"Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration","volume":"3","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.855","article-title":"Arbovirus infections among laboratory personnel in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Tomori","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1974.11686925","article-title":"An epidemic of Chikungunya fever at Ibadan, Nigeria, 1969","volume":"68","author":"Moore","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.11","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging viruses: a global challenge illustrated by Chikungunya virus outbreaks","volume":"1","author":"Devaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1305.070015","article-title":"Chikungunya virus in US travelers returning from India, 2006","volume":"13","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2008.10.001","article-title":"An imported case of Chikungunya fever from Madagascar: use of the sentinel traveller for detecting emerging arboviral infections in tropical and European countries","volume":"7","author":"Pistone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2008.00294.x","article-title":"Cluster of Chikungunya virus infection in travelers returning from Senegal, 2006","volume":"16","author":"Pistone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0322","article-title":"Chikungunya virus in North-Eastern Italy: a seroprevalence survey","volume":"82","author":"Moro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101873","article-title":"Chikungunya virus, southeastern France","volume":"17","author":"Grandadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0014","first-page":"710","article-title":"[Isolement de plusieurs souches]","volume":"8","author":"Bres","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bul Soc M\u00e9d Afr Noire Langue Franc"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0015","first-page":"722","article-title":"Arboviruses in Senegal. Current status","volume":"14","author":"Robin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull Soc Med Afr Noire Lang Fr"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0016","first-page":"490","article-title":"Human infections by Chikungunya virus in Rufisque (Senegal), October\u2013November, 1966","volume":"12","author":"Roche","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull Soc Med Afr Noire Lang Fr"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0017","first-page":"497","article-title":"Outbreak of a Chikungunya virus epidemic in western Senegal in 1982","volume":"28","author":"Saluzzo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dakar Med"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0018","first-page":"21","article-title":"Surveillance of the circulation of arbovirus of medical interest in the region of eastern Senegal","volume":"86","author":"Monlun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0019","first-page":"149","article-title":"[Isolement d\u2019arbovirus au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal oriental \u00e0 partir de moustiques (1972\u20131977) et notes sur l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie des virus transmis par les Aedes, en particulier du virus Amaril]","volume":"17","author":"Cornet","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cah O.R.S.T.O.M. s\u00e9r Ent M\u00e9d et Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.445","article-title":"Potential role of sylvatic and domestic African mosquito species in dengue emergence","volume":"73","author":"Diallo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0021","volume-title":"Centre Collaborateur OMS pour la Recherche sur les Arbovirus (CRORA), Base de donn\u00e9es","author":"CRORA"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1086\/605436","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic tests versus blood smears for malaria in US clinical practice","volume":"49","author":"Stauffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0023","first-page":"113","article-title":"A simple micro-culture method for the study of group B arboviruses","volume":"40","author":"De Madrid","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001649","article-title":"Landscape ecology of sylvatic Chikungunya virus and mosquito vectors in southeastern Senegal","volume":"6","author":"Diallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01603-09","article-title":"Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of Chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates","volume":"84","author":"Volk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0027","first-page":"6497","volume-title":"PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods), version 4","author":"Swofford","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817","article-title":"MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution","volume":"14","author":"Posada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemic of new Chikungunya viral genotype and clinical manifestation in Thailand, 2008\u20132009","volume":"50","author":"Thaikruea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chiang Mai Med J"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0030","first-page":"600","article-title":"Field evaluation of clinical features during Chikungunya outbreak in Mayotte, 2005\u20132006","volume":"15","author":"Sissoko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20168","article-title":"Epidemic resurgence of Chikungunya virus in Democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain","volume":"74","author":"Pastorino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1100-5","article-title":"Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal","volume":"15","author":"Sow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-128","article-title":"Chikungunya outbreak in a rural area of Western Cameroon in 2006: a retrospective serological and entomological survey","volume":"3","author":"Demanou","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1975.11686983","article-title":"Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964\u20131970","volume":"69","author":"Moore","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0035","first-page":"413","article-title":"The 1974 epidemic of Chikungunya fever in children in Ibadan","volume":"27","author":"Tomori","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.09.006","article-title":"First report of Chikungunya from the Maldives","volume":"103","author":"Yoosuf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001082","article-title":"Population density, water supply, and the risk of dengue fever in Vietnam: cohort study and spatial analysis","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.5.760","article-title":"Surveillance for yellow fever virus in eastern Senegal during 1993","volume":"33","author":"Traor\u00e9-Lamizana","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90013-4","article-title":"First evidence of natural vertical transmission of yellow fever virus in Aedes aegypti, its epidemic vector","volume":"91","author":"Fontenille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0040","first-page":"45","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Chikungunya virus by Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes","volume":"47","author":"Yadav","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0041","first-page":"19","article-title":"[Second s\u00e9rie d\u2019isolement du virus de la fi\u00e8vre jaune, \u00e0 partir d\u2019Aedes africanus (Theobald), dans la galerie foresti\u00e8redes savanes semi-humides du Sud de l\u2019empire Centrafricain]","volume":"XVII","author":"Saluzzo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cah ORSTOM s\u00e9r Ent M\u00e9d et Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201","article-title":"A single mutation in Chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential","volume":"3","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001168","article-title":"Two Chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus","volume":"2","author":"Vazeille","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020081004065224300_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.049","article-title":"Potential of ancestral sylvatic dengue-2 viruses to re-emerge","volume":"358","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/ofx259\/33576512\/ofx259.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/ofx259\/33576512\/ofx259.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T08:15:41Z","timestamp":1597047341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofx259\/4683371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofx259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]]},"article-number":"ofx259"}}