{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:53:31Z","timestamp":1761630811650,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01TW010268","R25TW009345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01TW010268","R25TW009345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS086312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS086312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI055433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI055433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEL-15-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Treatment of cryptococcosis requires deferred initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Early ART initiation may be detrimental in the context of cryptococcal infection by increasing the risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We present 3 cases where early ART initiation in the presence of unrecognized cryptococcal disease had fatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T04:35:06Z","timestamp":1514262906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cryptococcal Disease in the Era of \u201cTest and Treat\u201d: Is There Cause for Concern?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Abassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Rhein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Meya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Boulware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Prevention Gap Report. UNAIDS","year":"2016","author":"UNAIDS","key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0001"},{"volume-title":"Global AIDS Update 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","year":"2016","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0002"},{"volume-title":"Guideline on When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy and on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV","year":"2015","author":"World Health Organization","key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0003"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005575","article-title":"Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression\/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy Trial","volume":"4","author":"Zolopa","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312884","article-title":"Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"370","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Uganda","year":"2016","author":"Ministry of Health","key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0007"},{"volume-title":"Guidelines for Managing Advanced HIV Disease and Rapid Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy","year":"2017","author":"World Health Organization","key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0008"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509024","article-title":"Adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"374","author":"Beardsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70170-5","article-title":"Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected individuals: proposed clinical case definitions","volume":"10","author":"Haddow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30245-1","article-title":"The relentless march of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"17","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00074-8","article-title":"Efficacy of adjunctive sertraline for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an open-label dose-ranging study","volume":"16","author":"Rhein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835c21d1","article-title":"Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Longley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"article-title":"Detrimental outcomes of unmasking cryptococcal meningitis with recent ART initiation","author":"Rhein","key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy122"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"50","author":"Perfect","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503163321102","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group","volume":"332","author":"Powderly","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081004170767100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615822","article-title":"Enhanced prophylaxis plus antiretroviral therapy for advanced HIV infection in Africa","volume":"377","author":"Hakim","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/ofx274\/33576951\/ofx274.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/ofx274\/33576951\/ofx274.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T08:22:18Z","timestamp":1597047738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofx274\/4774678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofx274","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2328-8957"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"article-number":"ofx274"}}