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A total of 351 infected persons had been reported by the end of 2017. We examined all new HTLV-1 diagnoses during the last decade and compared their clinical presentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 247 individuals with HTLV-1 infection had been reported in Spain since year 2008. The incidence has remained stable with 20\u201325 new diagnoses yearly. Women represented 62%. Only 12% were native Spaniards, most of whom were foreigners from Latin America (72.5%). Up to 57 (23%) individuals presented clinically with HTLV-1-associated conditions, including subacute myelopathy (n = 24; 42.1%), T-cell lymphoma (n = 19; 33.3%), or Strongyloides stercoralis infestation (n = 8; 14%). Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 diagnosis had been made either at blood banks (n = 109; 44%) or at clinics (n = 138; 56%). It is interesting to note that Spaniards and especially Africans were overrepresented among patients presenting with HTLV-1-associated illnesses, suggesting that misdiagnosis and late presentation are more frequent in these populations compared to Latin Americans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given that 23% of new HTLV-1 diagnoses in Spain are symptomatic, underdiagnosis must be common. Although screening in blood banks mostly identifies asymptomatic Latin American carriers, a disproportionately high number of Spaniards and Africans are unveiled too late, that is, they already suffer from classic HTLV-1 illnesses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T18:18:37Z","timestamp":1547749117000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical Presentation of Individuals With Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Infection in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"De Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Puerta de Hierro Research Institute and University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood and Tissue Bank, 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