{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:12:55Z","timestamp":1753877575578,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV and bacterial sexually transmissible infection (STI) notifications among men who have sex with men (MSM) have increased in Australia and many other countries. The relationship between HIV infection and other STIs has been demonstrated previously. However, the relationship between the cumulative history of STIs and subsequent HIV infection remains largely unexplored and limits our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the elevated HIV risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from HIV-negative MSM who attended high\u2013HIV caseload primary care clinics in Melbourne, Australia, from 2007 to 2014 with 2 or more HIV and STI tests were included. Controlling for sexual behaviors self-reported at clinic visits, discrete time survival analyses using generalized linear modeling estimated the effect of an STI at the prior test event and the cumulative history of STIs (none, 1, 2, or more [repeated]) on risk of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 8941 MSM met the study criteria; 227 (2.5%) were diagnosed with HIV over the follow-up period. Adjusting for sexual behaviors, a cumulative history of repeated rectal gonorrhea infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 6.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.68\u201314.50) and a single rectal gonorrhea infection (aHR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.15\u20133.79) were associated with increased HIV infection risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Repeated and single rectal gonorrhea infections were independently associated with increased HIV infection risk. These findings suggest that MSM with any history of rectal gonorrhea, particularly repeat rectal gonorrhea, represent a group for whom preventive interventions for HIV should be emphasized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T15:44:23Z","timestamp":1566575063000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk of Subsequent HIV Infection Following Sexually Transmissible Infections Among Men Who Have Sex With Men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Brendan L","family":"Harney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Agius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"El-Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric P F","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prahran Market Clinic, Prahran, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B K","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Clinic, Victorian AIDS Council, St Kilda, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilda","family":"Tachedjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Hellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081004471211800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.03.004","article-title":"Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996-2005","volume":"19","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020081004471211800_CIT0002","article-title":"Syphilis and gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men: a European overview","volume":"14(47)","author":"Savage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2020081004471211800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.026245","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in the USA: temporal trends","volume":"83","author":"Aral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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