{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:45:09Z","timestamp":1790163909184,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lassa fever is a zoonotic disease endemic in some West African countries. It is exported to countries in America, Asia, and Europe. Antivirals against Lassa fever are important to provide a cure in patients with the disease and provide protection against it. In addition, due to the potential utilization of Lassa virus as a bioterrorism agent, vaccines against the disease can be utilized as a counterterrorism measure. Developing antiviral compounds and vaccines against the disease requires understanding of the pathogenesis of Lassa fever and its disease course, including the signs, symptoms, complications, and sequelae. An important sequela of Lassa fever is ataxia. A few cases of postviral ataxia following Lassa fever have been described in the literature. This review focuses on highlighting these cases, the gaps in scientific knowledge where further research is needed, and possible ways of diagnosing postviral ataxia after Lassa fever in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T12:20:47Z","timestamp":1575375647000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sequelae of Lassa Fever: Postviral Cerebellar Ataxia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chiomah","family":"Ezeomah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeyi","family":"Adoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikwe","family":"Ihekweazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Center for Disease Control, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slobodan","family":"Paessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oyewale","family":"Tomori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Lassa Fever Steering Committee, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3309-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.456","article-title":"Clinical virology of Lassa fever in hospitalized patients","volume":"155","author":"Johnson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.692","article-title":"Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. IV. Electron microscopy of Vero cell cultures infected with Lassa virus","volume":"19","author":"Speir","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.5.5.651-652.1970","article-title":"Arenoviruses: proposed name for a newly defined virus group","volume":"5","author":"Rowe","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.680","article-title":"Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. 3. Isolation and characterization of the virus","volume":"19","author":"Buckley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4147.263","article-title":"Lassa virus isolation from Mastomys natalensis rodents during an epidemic in Sierra Leone","volume":"185","author":"Monath","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-429766-1.50015-7","article-title":"Arenaviruses: persistent infection and viral survival in reservoir hosts","volume-title":"Viruses and environment","author":"Murphy","year":"1978"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416\u2013428","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2991-5","article-title":"Widespread arenavirus occurrence and seroprevalence in small mammals, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Olayemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.670","article-title":"Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. I. Clinical description and pathological findings","volume":"19","author":"Frame","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.677","article-title":"Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. II. Report of a laboratory-acquired infection treated with plasma from a person recently recovered from the disease","volume":"19","author":"Leifer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1086\/322033","article-title":"Lassa fever encephalopathy: Lassa virus in cerebrospinal fluid but not in serum","volume":"184","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0011","volume-title":"2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria. Situation report","author":"NCDC","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64189-2.00021-4","article-title":"Immune-mediated ataxias","volume":"155","author":"Joubert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70305-9","article-title":"Sporadic ataxia with adult onset: classification and diagnostic criteria","volume":"9","author":"Klockgether","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738030180050901","article-title":"Acute ataxia in childhood","volume":"18","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.019","article-title":"Acute cerebellar ataxia in the Netherlands: a study on the association with vaccinations and varicella zoster infection","volume":"27","author":"van der Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw198","article-title":"Imported case of Lassa fever in Sweden with encephalopathy and sensorineural hearing deficit","volume":"3","author":"Grahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0017","first-page":"684\u2013695","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis caused by Lassa virus: case series report","volume":"2016","author":"Okokhere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30121-X","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory predictors of Lassa fever outcome in a dedicated treatment facility in Nigeria: a retrospective, observational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Okokhere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0019","first-page":"197","article-title":"Lassa fever encephalopathy: clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"95","author":"Cummins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050052","article-title":"Historical Lassa fever reports and 30-year clinical update","volume":"12","author":"Macher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3028-2_18","article-title":"Lassa virus and central nervous system diseases","volume-title":"The Arenaviridae","author":"Solbrig","year":"1993"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2971","article-title":"Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system","volume":"11","author":"McGavern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2395","article-title":"A hitchhiker\u2019s guide to the nervous system: the complex journey of viruses and toxins","volume":"8","author":"Salinas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.03.009","article-title":"Viral disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"20","author":"Spindler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0025","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral infections of the central nervous system","volume-title":"Infections of the central nervous system","author":"Cassady","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1\u201312","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8562805","article-title":"Neuroinvasion and inflammation in viral central nervous system infections","volume":"2016","author":"Dahm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00118-13","article-title":"Pathogens penetrating the central nervous system: infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion","volume":"27","author":"Dando","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02948-15","article-title":"Animal model of sensorineural hearing loss associated with Lassa virus infection","volume":"90","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0627-8","article-title":"Choroid plexus: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Wolburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.7.561","article-title":"Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology","volume":"59","author":"Strazielle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0031","volume-title":"Neuroinflammation: New Insights Into Beneficial and Detrimental Functions","author":"David","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9208-9","article-title":"Microbial induction of vascular pathology in the CNS","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf107","article-title":"The aetiology of sporadic adult-onset ataxia","volume":"125","author":"Abele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7009.857","article-title":"Review of cases of nosocomial Lassa fever in Nigeria: the high price of poor medical practice","volume":"311","author":"Fisher-Hoch","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0035","first-page":"23","article-title":"Lassa fever: central nervous system manifestations","volume":"1","author":"Solbrig","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trop Geogr Neurol"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62002-9","article-title":"1 million community health workers in sub-Saharan Africa by 2015","volume":"382","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0037","first-page":"758","article-title":"Challenges of managing nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a developing country","volume":"98","author":"Fatusi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32\u201344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0205-4","article-title":"Health workforce and governance: the crisis in Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Adeloye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_61_16","article-title":"Effects of health-care services and commodities cost on the patients at the primary health facilities in Zaria Metropolis, North Western Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Adegboyega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2019122001572503000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2018.19","article-title":"Out-of-pocket payments, catastrophic health expenditure and poverty among households in Nigeria 2010","volume":"7","author":"Aregbeshola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz512\/31193408\/ofz512.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/ofz512\/31572579\/ofz512.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/ofz512\/31572579\/ofz512.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T15:56:45Z","timestamp":1695484605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz512\/5650934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"article-number":"ofz512"}}