{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:45:09Z","timestamp":1785444309250,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence regarding the safety of using proviral HIV-1 DNA genotype (DNA GT) to guide antiretroviral therapy (ART) is limited. We hypothesized that HIV RNA would not increase following ART adjustment guided by DNA GT in a university HIV clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were obtained from electronic medical records of adult persons living with HIV-1 (PWH) who underwent DNA GT testing and changed ART between October 2014 and November 2017. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of ART switch on HIV RNA over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-three PWH had DNA GT performed, 66 (80%) switched ART, and 59 had postswitch follow-up. Data were analyzed pre-\/postswitch for these 59 PWH (median age, 54 years; 71% LWH \u226510 years; 46% \u22652 previous regimens; 36% recent low-level viremia; 34% unknown medication history). On DNA GT, 58% had \u22651-class ART resistance, 34% \u22652-class, and 10% 3-class. Median follow-up (range) was 337 (34\u2013647) days. There was no change in probability of HIV RNA \u226550 copies\/mL over time (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u2005.05). At baseline, 76% had HIV RNA &amp;lt;50 vs 88% at last postswitch follow-up (P\u2005=\u2005.092). Protease inhibitor use decreased from 58% to 24% (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001). Average daily pills and dosing frequency decreased from 3.48 to 2.05 (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001) and 1.39 to 1.09 (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), respectively; ART cost did not change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>DNA GT facilitated changes in ART in a treatment-experienced population without increases in HIV RNA. Decreased pill burden occurred without increased ART cost. Further studies to identify optimal use of DNA GT are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T17:07:20Z","timestamp":1576343240000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Clinical Outcomes Following the Use of Archived Proviral HIV-1 DNA Genotype to Guide Antiretroviral Therapy Adjustment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen E","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T","family":"Nawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Consulting Laboratory, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Connick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tirdad T","family":"Zangeneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1086\/656412","article-title":"Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers","volume":"51","author":"McComsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001109","article-title":"Inflammation, immune activation, and cardiovascular disease in HIV","volume":"30","author":"Nou","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0003","first-page":"13","article-title":"Kidney disease and HIV infection","volume":"25","author":"Wyatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-016-0126-x","article-title":"New antiretroviral treatment for HIV","volume":"5","author":"Badowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0005"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy463","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance: 2018 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society\u2013USA panel","volume":"2","author":"G\u00fcnthard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0007","author":"Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database"},{"key":"2020010408374998500_CIT0008","unstructured":"Monogram Biosciences LabCorp Specialty Testing Group. 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