{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:51:16Z","timestamp":1784231476125,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR002002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infections due to multidrug-resistant pathogens are particularly deadly and difficult to treat in immunocompromised patients, where few data exist to guide optimal antimicrobial therapy. In the absence of adequate clinical data, in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK)\/pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses can help to design treatment regimens that are bactericidal and may be clinically effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report a case in which in vitro pharmacodynamic analyses were utilized to guide the treatment of complex, recurrent bacteremias due to vancomycin-, daptomycin-, and linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex in a liver transplant patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole-genome sequencing revealed unique underlying resistance mechanisms and explained the rapid evolution of phenotypic resistance and complicated intrahost genomic dynamics observed in vivo. Performing this comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic testing and time-kill analyses, along with knowledge of institution and patient-specific factors, allowed us to use precision medicine to design a treatment regimen that maximized PK\/PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work provides a motivating example of clinicians and scientists uniting to optimize care in the era of escalating antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T04:27:55Z","timestamp":1578112075000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Analyses Help Guide the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Bacteremia in a Liver Transplant Patient"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Wenzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maressa","family":"Santarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda T","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail 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