{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:29:58Z","timestamp":1760956198068,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adverse effects linked to antiretroviral therapy (ART) may contribute to poor adherence on the patient\u2019s side. Consequently, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance mutations could emerge, negatively impacting the body\u2019s immune system. Meanwhile, severe immunosuppression can lead to several conditions, including anemia. The cause of anemia in HIV infection is multifactorial, and can be mainly explained by deleterious direct effects of the virus on the bone marrow, and opportunistic infections such as Parvovirus B19. Other causes include blood loss resulting from neoplasms and gastrointestinal lesions. Moreover, anemia can also be caused by antiretroviral drugs. We report a case of persistent anemia after ART initiation, kidney injury and treatment failure following a lengthy period of non-adherence to ART. The anemia was classified as Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA). With treatment modification, the anemia resolved and the patient attained virologic suppression. Lamivudine (3TC) was pointed out as the cause of PRCA, which resolved after its withdrawal from the ART regimen. This rare side effect should be investigated in patients on 3TC who present with recurrent anemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omad022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T13:16:10Z","timestamp":1679922970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lamivudine induced pure red cell aplasia and HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireille A M","family":"Kakubu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Services of Namibia , Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarisai","family":"Bikinesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Services of Namibia , Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick D M C","family":"Katoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Bukavu Centre for Tropical Disease and Global Health, School of Medicine, , Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Cochrane South Africa, , Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Valley, 7501 Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa172","article-title":"Impaired Hematological status increases the risk of mortality among HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania","volume":"150","author":"Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of Anemia in HIV-infected persons in Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Sah","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0251763-e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251763","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reaction (ADR) among adult HIV positive patients on anti-retroviral treatment in Arba Minch town public health facilities, southern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study, 2020","volume":"16","author":"Sherfa","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v22i1.1271","article-title":"A case series of emtricitabine-induced pure red cell aplasia","volume":"22","author":"Manickchund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Southern African J HIV Med"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-04958-z","article-title":"Anemia risk factors among people living with HIV across the United States in the current treatment era: a clinical cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9614205","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9614205","article-title":"Factors associated with Anemia among people living with HIV\/AIDS taking ART in Ethiopia","volume":"2019","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Hematol"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1358-6","article-title":"The impact of antiretroviral therapy on iron homeostasis and inflammation markers in HIV-infected patients with mild anemia","volume":"15","author":"Quiros-Roldan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-018-0214-y","article-title":"What causes non-adherence among some individuals on long term antiretroviral therapy? Experiences of individuals with poor viral suppression in Uganda","volume":"16","author":"Bukenya","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.2460","article-title":"Pure red cell aplasia induced by lamivudine without the influence of zidovudine in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"53","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","first-page":"4","article-title":"Secondary pure red cell aplasia in multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide","volume":"10","author":"Ito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk Res Rep"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4812759","article-title":"Etiologies and treatment burden in adult patients with pure red cell aplasia: a single-Center experience and review of literature","volume":"2020","author":"Niparuck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anemia"},{"key":"2023032713160307700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0227-1","article-title":"Tenofovir-associated kidney disease in Africans: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Mtisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Oxford Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/omcr\/article-pdf\/2023\/3\/omad022\/49630853\/omad022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/omcr\/article-pdf\/2023\/3\/omad022\/49630853\/omad022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T18:30:28Z","timestamp":1702146628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/omcr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/omcr\/omad022\/7085891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/omcr\/omad022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-8855"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2053-8855"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"article-number":"omad022"}}