{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T12:56:28Z","timestamp":1764161788595,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This case series details two paediatric cases of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) mastoiditis that presented to the same hospital within three years of each other and were successfully managed. One female and one male patient, both pre-school aged, presented with otorrhoea and postauricular oedema unresponsive to intravenous antibiotics. Imaging demonstrated opacification of the mastoid air cells and middle ear with cortical breaks, and surgical exploration revealed granulation tissue in the mastoid cavity and antrum on gross and histopathological examination, as well as bony dehiscence. Mycobacterial culture revealed acid fast bacilli and polymerase chain reaction confirmed MAC infection. Both children received antimycobacterial agents and mastoidectomies. This series highlights the importance of considering atypical organisms when managing resistant mastoiditis, especially given the outcomes of sub-optimal management (such as conductive hearing loss, facial nerve palsy and meningitis). We suggest effective management based on our cases and the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omaf222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T12:15:04Z","timestamp":1759320904000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paediatric\n                    <i>Mycobacterium Avium<\/i>\n                    Complex Otomastoiditis: Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3807-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital , 300 Grattan St, Parkville VIC 3050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Iseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital , 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville VIC 3052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210927","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD)","volume":"72","author":"Haworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref2","volume-title":"UpToDate [Internet]","author":"Griffith"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref3","volume-title":"UpToDate [Internet]","author":"Griffith"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref4","volume-title":"Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) (Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare [MAI]) [Internet]","author":"Koirala"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJRCCM."},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref6","volume-title":"UpToDate [Internet]","author":"Cruz"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu296","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref8","volume-title":"UpToDate [Internet]","author":"Kasperbauer","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215115001309","article-title":"Otomastoiditis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: report of 16 cases, 3 with infection intracranially","volume":"129","author":"Lundman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110375","article-title":"Chronic suppurative otomastoiditis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: a case series","volume":"138","author":"Sedillot-Daniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1033","article-title":"Emergence of refractory Otomastoiditis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: institutional experience and review of the literature","volume":"62","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000535","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00535-2020","article-title":"Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline","volume":"56","author":"Daley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2019.51.3.245","article-title":"Treatment of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"51","author":"Wi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2025112607515927700_ref14","volume-title":"Mastoidectomy. 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