{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:18:42Z","timestamp":1793834322490,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the emergence of several new staging and risk stratification systems in myeloma, we have explored the evolution of these frameworks\u2014past, present, and future. We examine how staging systems have evolved over time, the strengths of current models, and the limitations that future research can address to further improve prognostication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T11:47:01Z","timestamp":1758196021000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The past, present, and future of myeloma staging and risk prognostication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Baysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Tekirdag Nam\u0131k Kemal University , Tekirdag 59030,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2111-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelley","family":"Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Sborov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandeep","family":"Godara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"McClune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens G","family":"Lohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gliceida Galarza","family":"Fortuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6464-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam Rehman","family":"Mohyuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e433520","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_433520","article-title":"Navigating high-risk and ultrahigh-risk multiple myeloma: challenges and emerging strategies","volume":"44","author":"Rees","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016003905","article-title":"Network meta-analysis of randomized trials in multiple myeloma: efficacy and safety in relapsed\/refractory patients","volume":"1","author":"Botta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_320105","article-title":"How to treat high-risk myeloma at diagnosis and relapse","volume":"41","author":"Caro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00405-9","article-title":"Treatment of primary plasma cell leukaemia with carfilzomib and lenalidomide-based therapy (EMN12\/HOVON-129): final analysis of a non-randomised, multicentre, phase 2 study","volume":"24","author":"van de Donk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(67)90074-5","article-title":"Plasmacytic myeloma: a study of the relationship of survival to various clinical manifestations and anomalous protein type in 112 patients","volume":"42","author":"Carbone","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B6","volume-title":"Criteria Defining Risk and Response in Multiple Myeloma","author":"GER","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.47.552.635","article-title":"Factors influencing the prognosis in myelomatosis","volume":"47","author":"Dawson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197510)36:4<1192::AID-CNCR2820360403>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma","volume":"36","author":"Alexanian","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197509)36:3<842::AID-CNCR2820360303>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival","volume":"36","author":"Durie","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1980.330","article-title":"Prognostic features in the third MRC myelomatosis trial. Medical Research Council\u2019s Working Party on Leukaemia in Adults","volume":"42","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V55.6.1011.1011","article-title":"A new improved clinical staging system for multiple myeloma based on analysis of 123 treated patients","volume":"55","author":"Merlini","year":"1980","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91428-9","article-title":"Beta 2 microglobulin, a tumour marker of lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"2","author":"Cassuto","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1980.273","article-title":"Serum beta 2-microglobulin in myelomatosis: potential value in stratification and monitoring","volume":"42","author":"Norfolk","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1983.tb02158.x","article-title":"Serum beta2 microglobulin and survival duration in multiple myeloma: a simple reliable marker for staging","volume":"55","author":"Bataille","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1985.tb07366.x","article-title":"Staging systems for multiple myeloma: a comparison","volume":"59","author":"Gassmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1986.4.1.80","article-title":"Prognostic factors and staging in multiple myeloma: a reappraisal","volume":"4","author":"Bataille","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.4.823.823","article-title":"Prognostic value of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin in myeloma: a southwest oncology group study","volume":"75","author":"Durie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.242","article-title":"International staging system for multiple myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Greipp","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.056176","article-title":"Report from the European Myeloma Network on interphase FISH in multiple myeloma and related disorders","volume":"97","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3017","article-title":"Clinical and biologic implications of recurrent genomic aberrations in myeloma","volume":"101","author":"Fonseca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V66.2.380.380","article-title":"The clinical significance of cytogenetic studies in 100 patients with multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, or amyloidosis","volume":"66","author":"Dewald","year":"1985","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.10.3735","article-title":"Myeloma and the t(11; 14)(q13; q32); evidence for a biologically defined unique subset of patients","volume":"99","author":"Fonseca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B23","first-page":"715","article-title":"Biological and prognostic significance of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 13 abnormalities (delta13) in multiple myeloma: an Eastern cooperative oncology group study","volume":"62","author":"Fonseca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.thj.6200045","article-title":"14q32 chromosomal translocations: a hallmark of plasma cell dyscrasias?","volume":"1","author":"Avet-Loiseau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hematol J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.174","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group molecular classification of multiple myeloma: spotlight review","volume":"23","author":"Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-12-931","article-title":"High serum lactate dehydrogenase level as a marker for drug resistance and short survival in multiple myeloma","volume":"115","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2010.01466.x","article-title":"High serum lactate dehydrogenase adds prognostic value to the international myeloma staging system even in the era of novel agents","volume":"85","author":"Terpos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.247","article-title":"IMWG consensus on risk stratification in multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Chng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.2267","article-title":"Revised international staging system for multiple myeloma: a report from International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"33","author":"Palumbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00933-4","article-title":"Prognostic impact of translocation t(14; 16) in multiple myeloma according to the presence of additional genetic lesions","volume":"13","author":"Schavgoulidze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0196-8","article-title":"A high-risk, double-hit, group of newly diagnosed myeloma identified by genomic analysis","volume":"33","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330512331390140","article-title":"Amplification and overexpression of CKS1B at chromosome band 1q21 is associated with reduced levels of p27Kip1 and an aggressive clinical course in multiple myeloma","volume":"10 Suppl 1","author":"Shaughnessy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404403","article-title":"Prognostic value of chromosome 1q21 gain by fluorescent in situ hybridization and increase CKS1B expression in myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209109","article-title":"Case report 812: well-differentiated osteosarcoma arising in the right third rib","volume":"22","author":"Tokito","year":"1993","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00474-8","article-title":"Chromosome 1q21 abnormalities in multiple myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-00985-0","article-title":"Alterations in chromosome 1q in multiple myeloma randomized clinical trials: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Neupane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1169","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00639","article-title":"Variability in cytogenetic testing for multiple myeloma: a comprehensive analysis from across the United States","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e480","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.236588","article-title":"Early relapse after autologous transplant for myeloma is associated with poor survival regardless of cytogenetic risk","volume":"105","author":"Corre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-08-040410","article-title":"Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the intergroupe francophone du my\u00e9lome","volume":"109","author":"Avet-Loiseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.168872","article-title":"The level of deletion 17p and bi-allelic inactivation of TP53 has a significant impact on clinical outcome in multiple myeloma","volume":"102","author":"Thanendrarajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-880831","article-title":"High subclonal fraction of 17p deletion is associated with poor prognosis in multiple myeloma","volume":"133","author":"Thakurta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-038430","article-title":"A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1","volume":"109","author":"Shaughnessy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.127","article-title":"A gene expression signature for high-risk multiple myeloma","volume":"26","author":"Kuiper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2017.06.020","article-title":"Prognostic validation of SKY92 and its combination with ISS in an independent cohort of patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"17","author":"van Beers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.209","article-title":"Gene expression profiling impacts treatment decision making in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients in the prospective PROMMIS trial","volume":"2","author":"Biran","year":"2021","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2020.10.010","article-title":"Analytical validation of SKY92 for the identification of high-risk multiple myeloma","volume":"23","author":"van Beers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002838","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive performance of R-ISS with SKY92 in older patients with multiple myeloma: the HOVON-87\/NMSG-18 trial","volume":"4","author":"Kuiper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e600","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2017.83","article-title":"Prognostic implications of abnormalities of chromosome 13 and the presence of multiple cytogenetic high-risk abnormalities in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Binder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-279596","article-title":"A compendium of myeloma-associated chromosomal copy number abnormalities and their prognostic value","volume":"116","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061285","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: heterogeneous in every way","volume":"13","author":"Schavgoulidze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01987","article-title":"In multiple myeloma, high-risk secondary genetic events observed at relapse are present from diagnosis in tiny, undetectable subclonal populations","volume":"41","author":"Lannes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-631200","article-title":"Treatment of multiple myeloma with high-risk cytogenetics: a consensus of the International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"127","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01030-w","article-title":"Daratumumab-based quadruplet therapy for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with high cytogenetic risk","volume":"14","author":"Callander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00776","article-title":"Development and validation of a cytogenetic prognostic index predicting survival in multiple myeloma","volume":"37","author":"Perrot","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0254-0","article-title":"Gain of chromosome 1q is associated with early progression in multiple myeloma patients treated with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.278888","article-title":"Chromosome 1q21 abnormalities refine outcome prediction in patients with multiple myeloma\u2014a meta-analysis of 2,596 trial patients","volume":"106","author":"Weinhold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.179","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in newly diagnosed myeloma: a meta-analysis of the molecular profiles of 1905 trial patients","volume":"32","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02614","article-title":"Second revision of the international staging system (R2-ISS) for overall survival in multiple myeloma: a European Myeloma Network (EMN) report within the HARMONY project","volume":"40","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00611-x","article-title":"A simple additive staging system for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Abdallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01076-w","article-title":"Performance of newer myeloma staging systems in a contemporary, large patient cohort","volume":"14","author":"Mohyuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7776","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-1791","article-title":"Mapping of chromosome 1p deletions in myeloma identifies FAM46C at 1p12 and CDKN2C at 1p32.3 as being genes in regions associated with adverse survival","volume":"17","author":"Boyd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01893","article-title":"International Myeloma Society\/International Myeloma Working Group consensus recommendations on the definition of high-risk multiple myeloma","volume":"43","author":"Avet-Loiseau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100887","article-title":"Knowing the unknowns in high risk multiple myeloma","volume":"51","author":"Derman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245180","article-title":"Non-competitive inhibition of clomipramine N-demethylation by fluvoxamine","volume":"117","author":"Hartter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02567","article-title":"Daratumumab, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone as induction and extended consolidation improves outcome in ultra-high-risk multiple myeloma","volume":"41","author":"Kaiser","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2020.07.007","article-title":"Quality and performance of validated prognostic models for survival after resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"2021","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312054","article-title":"Daratumumab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma","volume":"390","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2400712","article-title":"Isatuximab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma","volume":"391","author":"Facon","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.065698","article-title":"Extramedullary disease portends poor prognosis in multiple myeloma and is over-represented in high-risk disease even in the era of novel agents","volume":"97","author":"Usmani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00587-0","article-title":"Primary plasma cell leukemia: consensus definition by the International Myeloma Working Group according to peripheral blood plasma cell percentage","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez de Larrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00643-3","article-title":"Extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Blad\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2023000443","article-title":"A rational approach to functional high-risk myeloma","volume":"2023","author":"Gay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-21-0205","article-title":"Perspectives on the risk-stratified treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"3","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2021000229","article-title":"High-risk multiple myeloma: how to treat at diagnosis and relapse?","volume":"2021","author":"Mateos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Prog"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2017.10.009","article-title":"Early relapse for multiple myeloma patients undergoing single autologous stem cell therapy: a single-center experience","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0951","article-title":"Early relapse risk in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma characterized by next-generation sequencing","volume":"26","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2019.10.014","article-title":"Early relapse after autologous transplant is associated with very poor survival and identifies an ultra-high-risk group of patients with myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Kastritis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16793","article-title":"Early relapse after high-dose melphalan autologous stem cell transplant predicts inferior survival and is associated with high disease burden and genetically high-risk disease in multiple myeloma","volume":"193","author":"Bygrave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.309","article-title":"Clinical value of molecular subtyping multiple myeloma using gene expression profiling","volume":"30","author":"Weinhold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404832","article-title":"Heterogeneity of t(4; 14) in multiple myeloma. Long-term follow-up of 100 cases treated with tandem transplantation in IFM99 trials","volume":"21","author":"Moreau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000396105","article-title":"Beta-2-microglobulin and HLA-related glycoproteins in human urine and serum","volume":"26","author":"Vincent","year":"1981","journal-title":"Contr Nephrol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B82","first-page":"153","article-title":"Clearance and synthesis rates of beta 2-microglobulin in patients undergoing hemodialysis and in normal subjects","volume":"118","author":"Floege","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.arrt.2003.11.003","article-title":"Beta-2 microglobulin in ESRD: an in-depth review","volume":"10","author":"Winchester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Ren Replace Ther"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7239","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7239","article-title":"Revisiting beta-2 microglobulin as a prognostic marker in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"13","author":"Jelicic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003323","article-title":"Bone marrow microenvironments that contribute to patient outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a cohort study of patients in the total therapy clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Danziger","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874325","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.874325","article-title":"Inhibiting PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in multiple myeloma-associated mesenchymal stem cells impedes the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells","volume":"12","author":"Heinemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25469-8","article-title":"Copy number signatures predict chromothripsis and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdi362","article-title":"Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"16","author":"Moulopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280051","article-title":"Prognostic value of positron emission tomography\/computed tomography in transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients from CASSIOPEIA: the CASSIOPET study","volume":"108","author":"Kraeber-Bod\u00e9r\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-451690","article-title":"Prognostic implications of serial 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose emission tomography in multiple myeloma treated with total therapy 3","volume":"121","author":"Usmani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00296-y","article-title":"Spatial genomic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma revealed by multi-region sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Rasche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-842880","article-title":"The presence of large focal lesions is a strong independent prognostic factor in multiple myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Rasche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1002\/hem3.85","article-title":"Assessing frailty in myeloma: the pursuit of simplicity may sacrifice precision of predicting clinical outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Groen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00779-2","article-title":"The prevalence and outcomes of frail older adults in clinical trials in multiple myeloma: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Mian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.3160","article-title":"Association of minimal residual disease with superior survival outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Munshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01156-x","article-title":"Discontinuation of maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma guided by multimodal measurable residual disease negativity (MRD2STOP)","volume":"14","author":"Derman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022019531","article-title":"Lenalidomide and dexamethasone maintenance with or without ixazomib, tailored by residual disease status in myeloma","volume":"142","author":"Rosi\u00f1ol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-142913","article-title":"Phase III. Study of daratumumab\/rhuph20 (nsc- 810307) + lenalidomide or lenalidomide as post-autologous stem cell transplant maintenance therapyin patients with multiple myeloma (mm) using minimal residual disease to direct therapy duration (DRAMMATIC study): SWOG s1803","volume":"136","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024024371","article-title":"EVIDENCE meta-analysis: evaluating minimal residual disease as an intermediate clinical end point for multiple myeloma","volume":"144","author":"Landgren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7997","article-title":"APOBEC family mutational signatures are associated with poor prognosis translocations in multiple myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0921-y","article-title":"Genome instability in multiple myeloma","volume":"34","author":"Neuse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-024-02210-0","article-title":"Redefining high risk multiple myeloma with an APOBEC\/inflammation-based classifier","volume":"38","author":"Grasedieck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2025103119562882500_oyaf299-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01277","article-title":"Genomic classification and individualized prognosis in multiple myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Maura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["The Oncologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf299\/64328419\/oyaf299.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/30\/10\/oyaf299\/64328419\/oyaf299.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/30\/10\/oyaf299\/64328419\/oyaf299.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T23:56:41Z","timestamp":1761955001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf299\/8258946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7159","1549-490X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7159","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-490X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"article-number":"oyaf299"}}