{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:40:37Z","timestamp":1786466437069,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized cancer treatment. While generally well-tolerated, some immune-related adverse events (ir-AEs) can impact patient care, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis. Immunotherapy-related gastritis and duodenitis (ir-GD) is a rare ir-AE. Due to its low incidence and nonspecific symptoms, standardized diagnostic criteria and evidence-based treatment guidelines are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) while receiving ICI. Our diagnostic criteria for ir-GD required at least two of three gastritis or duodenitis (GD) criteria (symptoms, EGD findings, or microscopic findings) along with at least one ICI-related criterion. Patients with ir-GD were compared to those without ir-GD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 2553 patients treated with ICI between 2017 and 2023, 62 (2.4%) underwent EGD, of whom nine (0.4%) met the ir-GD diagnostic criteria. Nine other patients (0.4%) had GD unrelated to ICI. Notably, three of the nine patients (33%) with ir-GD had preexisting inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions, compared to two of 53 patients (4%) in the non-ir-GD cohort (P\u2009=\u2009.019). Patients with ir-GD were significantly more symptomatic (100% vs 58%, P\u2009=\u2009.009). However, no single symptom was specific to ir-GD. While eight of nine (89%) patients with ir-GD were treated with proton pump inhibitors, only three (33%) required corticosteroids. Symptom resolution occurred in all patients, and three patients successfully underwent rechallenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ir-GD is a rare ir-AE that can be challenging to distinguish from GD caused by other etiologies. Once diagnosed, clinicians may consider nonsteroidal treatment approaches in mild cases and, in selected cases, even ICI rechallenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1760361028000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rare occurrence of immunotherapy-related gastritis and duodenitis in a single tertiary medical center: a diagnostic challenge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Etan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv 6423906,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iddo","family":"Bar-Yishay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv 6423906,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Department Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv 6423906,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Brazowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Department Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel 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6423906,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ido","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv 6423906,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Leshem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv 6423906,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 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