{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:07:00Z","timestamp":1790089620193,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall survival (OS) in adjuvant and perioperative immunotherapy trials requires prolonged follow-up. We examined whether treatment effects on disease-free survival (DFS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were associated with OS at matched 2-, 3-, and 5-year windows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main analysis included 23 strict-primary randomized trials. DFS and RFS were modeled separately across 6 paired time windows using 2 co-primary trial-level approaches: a conventional OS-variance-weighted regression and a conditional errors-in-variables model accounting for uncertainty in both log-HRs. Because within-trial correlations were unavailable, \u03c1 was varied from 0 to 0.75. Eligibility-sensitivity studies were supplementary; broad-taxonomy evidence was excluded. EFS was descriptive, PFS and PFS2 were analyzed separately, and QoL regression required at least 5 verified contrasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen trials contributed 2-year same-window pairs (12 DFS; 7 RFS), 8 contributed 3-year pairs, and 5 contributed 5-year pairs. For 2-year early endpoints vs 2-year OS, weighted slopes were 0.014 (95% CI, \u22120.286 to 0.314) for DFS and 0.630 (95% CI, \u22121.243 to 2.502) for RFS. Eight of 9 fitted weighted-regression intervals included zero; the only nominally positive result involved 4 RFS trials. In errors-in-variables analyses, slopes for the largest DFS and RFS comparisons ranged from 0.011 to 0.264 and from 0.758 to 0.885, respectively, and all profile CIs included zero. Six strict-primary QoL contrasts were verified, but no window reached n\u2009=\u20095.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strict-primary analyses did not demonstrate a consistent or precise early-endpoint\u2013OS relationship. Sparse later windows and uncertainty in both treatment-effect estimates preclude surrogate validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyag342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:47:09Z","timestamp":1787312829000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linking early and late endpoints in adjuvant immunotherapy trials: an evaluation of multiple clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1867-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirui","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Department of Plastic Surgery, , No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng , Beijing, 100044,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiran","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Department of Plastic Surgery, , No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng , Beijing, 100044,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Department of Plastic Surgery, , No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng , Beijing, 100044,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Department of Plastic Surgery, , No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng , Beijing, 100044,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Department of Plastic Surgery, , No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng , Beijing, 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