{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:27:26Z","timestamp":1787761646449,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Smith-Robinson\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      approach (SRA) is the most widely used route to access the anterior cervical spine. Although several authors have described this approach, there is a lack of the stepwise anatomic description of this operative technique. With the advent of new technologies in neuroanatomy education, such as volumetric models (VMs), the understanding of the spatial relation of the different neurovascular structures can be simplified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the anatomy of the SRA through the creation of VMs of anatomic dissections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4 postmortem heads and a cervical replica were used to perform and record the SRA approach to the C4-C5 level. The most relevant steps and anatomy of the SRA were recorded using photogrammetry to construct VM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SRA was divided into 6 major steps: positioning, incision of the skin, platysma, and muscle dissection with and without submandibular gland eversion and after microdiscectomy with cage positioning. Anatomic model of the cervical spine and anterior neck multilayer dissection was also integrated to improve the spatial relation of the different structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we review the different steps of the classic SRA and its variations to different cervical levels. The VMs presented allow clear visualization of the 360-degree anatomy of this approach. This new way of representing surgical anatomy can be valuable resources for education and surgical planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opaa265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T13:48:36Z","timestamp":1598881716000},"page":"83-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Smith-Robinson Approach to the Subaxial Cervical Spine: A Stepwise Microsurgical Technique Using Volumetric Models From Anatomic Dissections"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Vigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stanford Neurosurgical Training and Innovation Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Ferrara University Hospital, Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Pastor-Escart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stanford Neurosurgical Training and Innovation Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Microneurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayoze","family":"Doniz-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stanford Neurosurgical Training and Innovation Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicent","family":"Quilis-Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, 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