{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T18:00:37Z","timestamp":1786125637818,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When evaluating deep brain stimulation (DBS) for newer indications, patients may benefit from trial stimulation prior to permanent implantation or for investigatory purposes. Although several case series have evaluated infectious complications among DBS patients who underwent trials with external hardware, outcomes have been inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether a period of lead externalization is associated with an increased risk of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses compliant systematic review of all studies that included rates of infection for patients who were externalized prior to DBS implantation. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed to estimate the pooled proportion of infection across studies, and a meta-analysis of relative risks was conducted on those studies that included a control group of nonexternalized patients. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed via I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      index.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our search retrieved 23 articles, comprising 1354 patients who underwent lead externalization. The pooled proportion of infection was 6.9% (95% CI: 4.7%-9.5%), with a moderate to high level of heterogeneity between studies (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a062.2%; 95% CI: 40.7-75.9;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001). A total of 3 studies, comprising 212 externalized patients, included a control group. Rate of infection in externalized patients was 5.2% as compared to 6.0% in nonexternalized patients. However, meta-analysis was inadequately powered to determine whether there was indeed no difference in infection rate between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rate of infection in patients with electrode externalization is comparable to that reported in the literature for DBS implantation without a trial period. Future studies are needed before this information can be confidently used in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opaa268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T01:04:00Z","timestamp":1599527040000},"page":"141-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Deep Brain Electrode Externalization and Risk of Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alon","family":"Kashanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Rohatgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Chivukula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer A","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0426-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Pouratian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"bib1-20251027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0244-6","article-title":"Emerging technologies for improved deep brain stimulation","volume":"37","author":"Cagnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2-20251027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.07.003","article-title":"Systematic review of hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation: do new indications pose an increased risk","volume":"10","author":"Jitkritsadakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3-20251027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2011.566384","article-title":"The incidence of deep brain stimulator hardware infection: the effect of change in antibiotic prophylaxis regimen and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Bhatia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4-20251027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2003.09.002","article-title":"Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor-predominant Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Putzke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib5-20251027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-007-1267-1","article-title":"Complications in subthalamic nucleus stimulation surgery for treatment of Parkinson's disease. 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