{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:57:47Z","timestamp":1786125467655,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/ mailto:journals.permissions@oup.com"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous rhizotomy of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia is an effective therapeutic procedure. Yet, landmark-guided cannulation of the foramen ovale is manually challenging and difficult to learn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To overcome these limitations, we assessed the feasibility and accuracy of an augmented reality (AR)-guided puncture of the foramen ovale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A head phantom with soft tissue structures of the facial area was built. A three-dimensional (3D)-dataset of the phantom was generated using a stereotactic planning workstation. An optimal trajectory to the foramen ovale was created and then transferred to an AR headset. A total of 2 neurosurgeons and 2 neuroradiologists independently performed 8 AR-guided and 8 landmark-guided cannulations of the foramen ovale, respectively. For each AR-guided cannulation, the hologram was manually aligned with the phantom. Accuracy of the cannulation was evaluated using the Euclidean distance to the target point as well as the lateral deviation of the achieved trajectory from the planned trajectory at target point level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With the help of AR guidance, a successful cannulation of the foramen ovale was achieved in 90.6% compared to the purely landmark-based method with 18.8%. Euclidean distance and lateral deviation were significantly lower with AR guidance than landmark guidance (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AR greatly improved accuracy of simulated percutaneous rhizotomy of the Gasserian ganglion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T20:05:21Z","timestamp":1623096321000},"page":"160-164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Application of Augmented Reality in Percutaneous Procedures\u2014Rhizotomy of the Gasserian Ganglion"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Rau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Roelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Urbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker Arnd","family":"Coenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Demerath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Christoph","family":"Reinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT), Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000349918.36700.1C","article-title":"Dex-ray: augmented reality neurosurgical navigation with a handheld video probe","volume":"65","author":"Kockro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"bib2-20250822","first-page":"252","article-title":"Augmented reality in the surgery of cerebral aneurysms: a technical report","volume":"10 Suppl 2","author":"Cabrilo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"bib3-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.084","article-title":"The trans-visible navigator: a see-through neuronavigation system using augmented reality","volume":"87","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"World 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