{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:37:38Z","timestamp":1790293058563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Novel methodologies providing realistic simulation of the neurosurgical operating room environment are currently needed, particularly for highly subspecialized operations with steep learning curves, high-risk profiles, and demands for advanced psychomotor skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the development of a curriculum for using perfusion-based cadaveric simulation models in a \u201cMock Operating Room\u201d for neurosurgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the USC Keck School of Medicine Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory between 2012 and 2016, 43 cadaveric specimens underwent cannulation of the femoral or carotid artery and artificial perfusion of the arterial system, and\/or cannulation of the intradural cervical spine for intrathecal reconstitution of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Models were used to train neurosurgical residents in various procedures. Self-assessment of pre- and postprocedure trainee confidence (Likert) scores was compared for each module.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The following novel procedural training methodologies were successfully established: management of an injury to the carotid artery during an endoscopic endonasal approach (n = 12), endoscopic endonasal CSF leak repair (n = 6) with fluorescein perfusion, carotid endarterectomy (n = 4), extracranial-to-intracranial bypass (n = 2), insertion of ventriculostomy catheter (n = 7), spinal laminectomy with durotomy repair (n = 9), and intraventricular neuro-endoscopy with septum pellucidotomy and third ventriculostomy (n = 12). In all instances, trainees reported improvement in their postprocedural confidence scores, with mean pre- and postprocedural Likert scores being 2.85 \u00b1 1.09 and 4.14 \u00b1 0.93 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Augmentation of fresh cadaveric specimens via reconstitution of vascular and CSF pathways is a feasible methodology for complimenting surgical training in numerous neurosurgical procedures, and may hold implications in the future of neurosurgical resident education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,13]],"date-time":"2017-05-13T02:31:56Z","timestamp":1494642716000},"page":"72-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Development of a Perfusion-Based Cadaveric Simulation Model Integrated into Neurosurgical Training: Feasibility Based On Reconstitution of Vascular and Cerebrospinal Fluid Systems"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Bakhsheshian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Minneti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisha","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Winer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Robison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bozena","family":"Wrobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Russin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Giannotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.11.068","article-title":"Simulation in neurosurgery-a brief review and commentary","author":"Cobb","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib2-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255466.22387.15","article-title":"Prospective error recording in surgery: an analysis of 1108 elective neurosurgical cases","volume":"60","author":"Stone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"bib3-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000102","article-title":"Neurosurgery simulation in residency training: feasibility, cost, and educational benefit","volume":"73","author":"Gasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.PEDS1447","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a new synthetic brain simulator for endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"15","author":"Breimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"Apr","key":"bib5-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.12.031","article-title":"Review of 3-dimensional printing on cranial neurosurgery simulation training","volume":"88","author":"Vakharia","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS141867","article-title":"Development of a 3D-printed external ventricular drain placement simulator: technical note","volume":"123","author":"Tai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"bib7-20240910","first-page":"592","article-title":"Human placenta aneurysm model for training neurosurgeons in vascular microsurgery","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira Magaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2936-7","article-title":"Neurosurgical training with simulators: a novel neuroendoscopy model","volume":"32","author":"Jaimovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"bib9-20240910","first-page":"52","article-title":"Virtual reality cerebral aneurysm clipping simulation with real-time haptic feedback","volume":"11","author":"Alaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"bib10-20240910","first-page":"420","article-title":"Usefulness of a virtual reality percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy simulator in neurosurgical training","volume":"11","author":"Shakur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"bib11-20240910","first-page":"89","article-title":"Assessing bimanual performance in brain tumor resection with NeuroTouch, a virtual reality simulator","volume":"11","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS1497","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid reconstitution via a perfusion-based cadaveric model: feasibility study demonstrating surgical simulation of neuroendoscopic procedures","volume":"123","author":"Winer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2 Suppl Operative","key":"bib13-20240910","first-page":"ons315","article-title":"Simulation of a high-flow extracranial-intracranial bypass using a radial artery graft in a novel fresh tissue model","volume":"71","author":"Russin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372470","article-title":"A perfusion-based human cadaveric model for management of carotid artery injury during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery","volume":"75","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.SPINE15119","article-title":"A pilot study of the utility of a laboratory-based spinal fixation training program for neurosurgical residents","volume":"24","author":"Sundar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS141551","article-title":"\"Live cadavers\" for training in the management of intraoperative aneurysmal rupture","volume":"123","author":"Aboud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"bib17-20240910","article-title":"Using a perfusion-based human cadaveric specimen with intrathecal fluorescein as a simulation training model in repairing cerebrospinal fluid leaks during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery","author":"Christian","journal-title":"JNS"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-872599","article-title":"Graft harvesting for revascularization in the head and neck","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib19-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4","article-title":"A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap","volume":"116","author":"Hadad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1 suppl 1","key":"bib20-20240910","first-page":"ONS44","article-title":"Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap","volume":"63","author":"Kassam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.20.3.12","article-title":"Simple closure following transsphenoidal surgery. Technical note","volume":"20","author":"Couldwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.JNS081653","article-title":"Feasibility of ventricular expansion postmortem: a novel laboratory model for neurosurgical training that simulates intraventricular endoscopic surgery","volume":"111","author":"Tubbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.114214","article-title":"A human cadaveric circulation model","volume":"33","author":"Garrett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.6.1367","article-title":"New laboratory model for neurosurgical training that simulates live surgery","volume":"97","author":"Aboud","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib25-20240910","first-page":"243","article-title":"Simulation of cerebrovascular circulation in the human cadaver for surgical neuroanatomy training","volume":"17","author":"Guvencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib26-20240910","first-page":"1484","article-title":"Novel simulation for training trauma surgeons","volume":"71","author":"Aboud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"bib27-20240910","article-title":"Comparison of dural repair techniques using a novel cerebrospinal fluid reconstitution perfusion-based cadaveric model","author":"Pham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Congress of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib28-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.JNS09513","article-title":"Skull base tumor model","volume":"113","author":"Gragnaniello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.JNS131857","article-title":"Novel embalming solution for neurosurgical simulation in cadavers","volume":"120","author":"Benet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Operative Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ons\/article-pdf\/14\/1\/72\/30194588\/opx074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01787389-201801000-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:50:21Z","timestamp":1786121421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01787389-201801000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opx074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-4252","2332-4260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-4252","type":"print"},{"value":"2332-4260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-08-03","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}