{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:00:39Z","timestamp":1792659639318,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial nerve palsy is a disabling condition that may arise from a variety of injuries or insults and may occur at any point along the nerve or its intracerebral origin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the use of the deep temporal branches of the motor division of the trigeminal nerve for neural reconstruction of the temporal branches of the facial nerve for restoration of active blink and periorbital facial expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Formalin-fixed human cadaver hemifaces were dissected to identify landmarks for the deep temporal branches and the tension-free coaptation lengths. This technique was then utilized in 1 patient with a history of facial palsy due to a brainstem cavernoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen hemifaces were dissected. The middle deep temporal nerve could be consistently identified on the deep side of the temporalis, within 9 to 12 mm posterior to the jugal point of the zygoma. From a lateral approach through the temporalis, the middle deep temporal nerve could be directly coapted to facial temporal branches in all specimens. Our patient has recovered active and independent upper facial muscle contraction, providing the first case report of a distinct distal nerve transfer for upper facial function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The middle deep temporal branches can be readily identified and utilized for facial reanimation. This technique provided a successful reanimation of upper facial muscles with independent activation. Utilizing multiple sources for neurotization of the facial muscles, different potions of the face can be selectively reanimated to reduce the risk of synkinesis and improved control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T10:54:31Z","timestamp":1504868071000},"page":"81-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Deep Temporal Nerve Transfer for Facial Reanimation: Anatomic Dissections and Surgical Case Report"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mark A","family":"Mahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walavan","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weingarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guam Regional Medical City, Dededo, Guam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"bib1-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.158","article-title":"Psychological distress in people with disfigurement from facial palsy","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000428","article-title":"A national survey of facial paralysis on the quality of life of patients with acoustic neuroma","volume":"36","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000169786.22707.12","article-title":"Facial paralysis and surgical rehabilitation: a quality of life analysis in a cohort of 1,595 patients after acoustic neuroma surgery","volume":"26","author":"Ryzenman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90011-6","article-title":"Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of ulnar nerve for C5-C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus: anatomical study and report of four cases","volume":"19","author":"Oberlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2008.08.002","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the forearm and hand","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2009.26.2.E12","article-title":"Distal nerve transfers: a biology-based rationale","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib7-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(03)00199-0","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part II: a report of 7 cases","volume":"28","author":"Leechavengvongs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib8-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31820e9138","article-title":"Facial reanimation using the masseter-to-facial nerve transfer","volume":"127","author":"Klebuc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31819ba4bb","article-title":"The \u201cbabysitter\u201d procedure: minihypoglossal to facial nerve transfer and cross-facial nerve grafting","volume":"123","author":"Terzis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31819a8e26","article-title":"Global assessment of outcomes after varying reinnervation techniques for patients with facial paralysis subsequent to acoustic neuroma excision","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600710","article-title":"Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis: a meta-analytic study","volume":"116","author":"Yetiser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib12-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.3.0517","article-title":"The anatomical basis for surgical preservation of temporal muscle","volume":"100","author":"Kadri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.09.026","article-title":"The motor nerve to the masseter muscle: an anatomic and histomorphometric study to facilitate its use in facial reanimation","volume":"65","author":"Borschel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000893","article-title":"Enhancement of facial nerve motoneuron regeneration through cross-face nerve grafts by adding end-to-side sensory axons","volume":"135","author":"Placheta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib15-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000208","article-title":"Gains and losses of the XII-VII component of the \u201cbaby-sitter\u201d procedure: a morphometric analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kalantarian","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"}],"container-title":["Operative Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ons\/article-pdf\/15\/1\/81\/30213606\/opx190.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01787389-201807000-00012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:45:31Z","timestamp":1786121131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01787389-201807000-00012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opx190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-4252","2332-4260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-4252","type":"print"},{"value":"2332-4260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-04-18","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-08-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}