{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:52:55Z","timestamp":1786125175504,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vein of Galen malformations (VOGM) comprise nearly a third of pediatric cerebrovascular anomalies, with potentially devastating neurological and systemic complications. Advances in endovascular therapies have dramatically improved outcomes compared to historical surgical treatments, and neurosurgeons are an essential component of the multidisciplinary critical care team.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To retrospectively review pediatric patients with VOGM treated at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), a quaternary referral center, over 15 yr, and present lessons learned in treating children with modern endovascular techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Charts from TCH were retrospectively reviewed for the past 15 yr. Patients with diagnosis including \u201cVein of Galen,\u201d \u201cVein of Galen malformation,\u201d \u201cVein of Galen aneurysmal malformation,\u201d or any abbreviations (ie, VOG, VOGM, VOGAM) were reviewed. Presentation, imaging, treatment specifics, and clinical outcomes were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 18 patients with VOGM managed at TCH from 2002 to 2018 with a total of 29 embolizations. Seventeen were performed with a single embolisate (NBCA or Onyx), and 12 with a combination. A dual lumen balloon catheter was used as an adjunct in 3 embolizations. Complications occurred in 5 embolizations (24%), including hemorrhage, embolisate migration, and femoral vessel occlusion. Surviving patients were followed for a mean of 38 mo, with 12 having normal or near-normal neurological development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VOGM can present with a myriad of neurological and systemic symptoms, potentially in extremis. Neurosurgical involvement in these cases is critical, as urgent treatment can be lifesaving. Patients may require multiple treatment sessions using a variety of endovascular tools and techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1558396209000},"page":"286-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vein of Galen Malformations: The Texas Children's Hospital Experience in the Modern Endovascular Era"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G Z","family":"Ghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Visish M","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.40.3.0304","article-title":"Giant arteriovenous malformations of infancy and childhood","volume":"40","author":"Long","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00263834","article-title":"Congestive cardiac manifestations from cerebrocranial arteriovenous shunts","volume":"7","author":"Garcia-Monaco","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib3-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304199","article-title":"Vein of Galen malformation","volume":"7","author":"Lasjaunias","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00303807","article-title":"Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children","volume":"11","author":"Lasjaunias","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 3","key":"bib5-20231023","first-page":"S184","article-title":"The management of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations","volume":"59","author":"Lasjaunias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1960.17.6.0945","article-title":"Aneurysms of the great vein of Galen and midline cerebral arteriovenous anomalies","volume":"17","author":"Litvak","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7-20231023","first-page":"195","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformations of vein of Galen: microsurgical treatment","volume":"9","author":"Yasargil","year":"1976","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199007000-00003","article-title":"Interventional neuroradiological management of vein of Galen malformations in the neonate","volume":"27","author":"Ciricillo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.49.2.157","article-title":"Intracranial arteriovenous malformation with aneurysm of the vein of Galen as cause of heart failure in infancy. 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