{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1787804776010,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]],"date-time":"2019-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Operative Surg.","ONSURG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n The use of high-definition endoscopes in extended transsphenoidal approaches to the suprasellar area has significantly improved visualization of its vascularization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n To systematically examine the superior hypophyseal arteries (SHAs) anatomy from an endonasal endoscopic perspective.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal trans-tuberculum approach was performed in 19 adult, fresh and latex injected specimens. Dissections recordings were reviewed to analyze SHAs type, number, and branches, as well as internal carotid arteries (ICA) branches that vascularized optic nerves and chiasm.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Identification of SHAs was possible in all specimens (37\/38 sides). The number of SHAs varied from 1 to 3 per side (mean: 1.7). The anterior superior hypophyseal artery was visible in almost all cases (35\/37 sides) and originated at the level of the carotid cave in 18\/35 specimens; number of branches ranged from 1 to 6 (mean: 3.5), directed to the optic nerve (86%), chiasm (57%), infundibulum (86%), and\/or parallel to the pituitary stalk (74%). The 4 main branches and patterns, originally described by McConnell in 1953, were confirmed. The posterior superior hypophyseal artery was evident in 28\/37 sides with number of branches ranging from 0 to 4 (mean: 2.1), directed to the optic chiasm (50%), optic tract (32%), infundibulum (79%), and\/or pituitary stalk (36%). The surgical implications of this study, together with anatomical and clinical videos, are also briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n SHAs constitute a complex of anterior and posterior branches that stem from the medial ICA with different patterns, vascularizing the optic apparatus and pituitary stalk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T22:28:38Z","timestamp":1547245718000},"page":"321-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Superior Hypophyseal Arteries: Anatomical Study with an Endoscopic Endonasal Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Doglietto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Monte-Serrat","family":"Prevedello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Wexner Medical Centre, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Belotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Lancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Raffetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liverana","family":"Lauretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hirtler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Buffoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Nicolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Maria","family":"Fontanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Rodella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Tschabitscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"bib1-20231023","first-page":"1783","article-title":"The blood supply of the intracranial part of the optic nerve and chiasma","volume":"86","author":"Asakura","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2-20231023","first-page":"486","article-title":"The blood supply of the optic nerve and chiasma in man","volume":"90","author":"Blunt","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000134287.19377.A2","article-title":"Variations on the standard transsphenoidal approach to the sellar region, with emphasis on the extended approaches and parasellar approaches: surgical experience in 105 cases","volume":"55","author":"Couldwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000249211.89096.25","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for the removal of suprasellar tumors: Part 2","volume":"60","author":"de Divitiis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"bib5-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000091570","article-title":"Extended transsphenoidal approach","volume":"34","author":"Dumont","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0235","article-title":"Pterional surgery of suprasellar meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale: surgical results with special consideration of ophthalmological and endocrinological results","volume":"96","author":"Fahlbusch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1974.01010010027007","article-title":"Meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale","volume":"92","author":"Finn","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000316852.01820.45","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas","volume":"63","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.5.0678","article-title":"Arterial blood supply of the normal human pituitary gland","volume":"58","author":"Leclercq","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib10-20231023","first-page":"862","article-title":"Arterial blood supply of the human optic chiasm and surrounding structures","volume":"3","author":"Wollschlaeger","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198703000-00003","article-title":"Arterial supply of the human anterior pituitary gland","volume":"20","author":"Gorczyca","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib12-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091150204","article-title":"The arterial blood supply of the human hypophysis cerebri","volume":"115","author":"McConnell","year":"1953","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.19.6.4","article-title":"Brief history of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery\u2013from Philipp Bozzini to the First World Congress of Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery","volume":"19","author":"Doglietto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"bib14-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.05.130","article-title":"Two-Dimensional high definition versus Three-Dimensional endoscopy in endonasal skull base surgery: a comparative preclinical study","volume":"105","author":"Rampinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"bib15-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.165","article-title":"Modular classification of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches to sellar region: anatomic quantitative study","volume":"109","author":"Belotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","article-title":"Interval estimation for a binomial proportion","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Statist Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000110204","article-title":"The blood supply of the pituitary body","volume":"11","author":"Dandy","year":"1911","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/46.1.184","article-title":"The Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory: the first 100 years of neurosurgical research","volume":"46","author":"Sampath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000580206","article-title":"The permeability of the hypophysis and hypothalamus to vital dyes, with a study of the hypophyseal vascular supply","volume":"58","author":"Wislocki","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"bib22-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1938.tb45364.x","article-title":"The blood supply of the visual pathways","volume":"II","author":"Abbie","year":"1938","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib23-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.40.12.730","article-title":"Vascularization of the optic pathway. V. Chiasma","volume":"40","author":"Collette","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.40.6.341","article-title":"Vascularization of the optic pathway. IV. Optic tract and external geniculate body","volume":"40","author":"Collette","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.40.1.45","article-title":"Vascularization of the optic pathway. III. Study of intra-orbital and intracranial optic nerve by serial sections","volume":"40","author":"Francois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib26-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.38.8.472","article-title":"Vascularization of the optic pathway. I. Lamina cribrosa and optic nerve","volume":"38","author":"Francois","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib27-20231023","first-page":"199","article-title":"The arterial supply and venous drainage of the human hypophysis cerebri","volume":"39","author":"Xuereb","year":"1954","journal-title":"Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1148\/104.1.67","article-title":"The angiographic delineation of sellar and parasellar masses","volume":"104","author":"Baker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"bib29-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541268","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the arteries of the pituitary stalk and gland as viewed from above","volume":"90","author":"Gibo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta neurochir"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/81.2.207","article-title":"The blood vessels of the human optic chiasma and their relation to those of the hypophysis and hypothalamus","volume":"81","author":"Dawson","year":"1958","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01743593","article-title":"Hypophyseal region\u2013anatomy of the operative approaches","volume":"8","author":"Lang","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib32-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199411000-00014","article-title":"The microsurgical anatomy of the superior hypophyseal artery","volume":"35","author":"Krisht","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib33-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1969.31.3.0327","article-title":"The arterial supply of the human optic chiasm","volume":"31","author":"Bergland","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"bib34-20231023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the superior hypophyseal artery and its relevance for endoscopic endonasal surgery","author":"Truong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib35-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/10\/0865","article-title":"Loss of visual evoked potential following temporary occlusion of the superior hypophyseal artery during aneurysm clip placement surgery","volume":"107","author":"Goto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS141218","article-title":"Role of superior hypophyseal artery in visual function impairment after paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysm surgery","volume":"123","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.72.5.0677","article-title":"Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment","volume":"72","author":"Day","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib38-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2013-010968.rep","article-title":"Optic pathway infarct after Onyx HD 500 aneurysm embolization: visual pathway ischemia from superior hypophyseal artery occlusion","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J NeuroIntervent Surg"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"bib39-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.12.003","article-title":"Visual complications after stent-assisted endovascular embolization of paraophthalmic and suprasellar variant superior hypophyseal aneurysms: the Duke Cerebrovascular Center experience in 57 patients","volume":"78","author":"Ferrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1220-1","article-title":"The subdiaphragmatic cistern: historic and radioanatomic findings","volume":"154","author":"Di Ieva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib41-20231023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000365371.50165.06","article-title":"The arachnoid sleeve enveloping the pituitary stalk: anatomical and histologic study","volume":"66","author":"Song-tao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Operative Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1093\/ons\/opy393","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:44:46Z","timestamp":1786121086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1093\/ons\/opy393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ons\/opy393","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-4252","2332-4260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-4252","type":"print"},{"value":"2332-4260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]}}}