{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:53:27Z","timestamp":1787097207667,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":336,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\u00a0<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When health workers are not at their posts, health care does not happen. Health worker absenteeism in Kenya was 53.8% in 2018 according to the World Bank Service Delivery Indicators Survey. Absenteeism is especially impactful for treatment of malaria where delays in treatment can lead to deadly consequences especially among the most vulnerable. Human resources management and development strengthening interventions using digital tools like iHRIS, IntraHealth International\u2019s open-source, human resource information system, can enable data-driven decision making to plan and budget for health workers and dynamically redistribute them. These promising approaches can reduce systemic absenteeism, but little is known how much impact reduced absenteeism can have on health outcomes. In this study, the Spectrum Malaria tool, a dynamic malaria transmission model developed by Avenir Health, was used to test three scenarios of reduced absenteeism (5, 10 and 15%) to quantify the potential impact of absenteeism on malaria cases and deaths averted and Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) prevalence among children ages 2\u20139\u00a0years in Kenya between 2023 and 2030. A small, 5% increase in effective coverage of treatment of uncomplicated cases of malaria with artemisinin combination therapy could result in a 12% decrease in uncomplicated cases, a 15% reduction in severe cases, and a 13% reduction in deaths among the population and a 24% reduction in P. falciparum prevalence among children aged 2\u20139\u00a0years. Stemming health worker absenteeism is a critical intervention in the fight against malaria and digital tools like iHRIS for health workforce planning can help reduce absenteeism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESUMEN<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cuando los prestadores de salud no est\u00e1n en sus puestos, el cuidado de la salud no ocurre. El ausentismo entre los prestadores de salud en Kenia fue de 53.8% en 2018, seg\u00fan las encuestas de los Indicadores de Prestaci\u00f3n de Servicios (IPS) del Banco Mundial. Ausentismo como este entra\u00f1a un impacto especialmente fuerte en el tratamiento de la malaria, donde la demora puede tener consecuencias letales, especialmente entre los m\u00e1s vulnerables. Intervenciones con herramientas digitales que fortalecen la gesti\u00f3n y desarrollo de recursos humanos, como iHRIS (el sistema de informaci\u00f3n de recursos humanos de c\u00f3digo abierto de IntraHealth International), hacen posible tomar decisiones basadas en datos en torno a la planificaci\u00f3n y presupuestaci\u00f3n de la fuerza laboral de prestadores de salud y a c\u00f3mo distribuirla de forma din\u00e1mica. Estos prometedores enfoques pueden reducir el ausentismo sist\u00e9mico, pero se sabe poco acerca del tama\u00f1o del impacto que esta reducci\u00f3n puede tener en los resultados de salud. En este estudio usamos Spectrum-Malaria (un modelo din\u00e1mico de transmisi\u00f3n de la malaria, desarrollado por Avenir Health) como herramienta para examinar tres escenarios de ausentismo reducido (del 5, 10, y 15%) a fin de cuantificar el impacto potencial del ausentismo sobre el n\u00famero de casos y fallecimientos evitados, y la prevalencia de Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) en ni\u00f1os de 2\u20139 a\u00f1os de edad en Kenia entre 2023 y 2030. Un incremento peque\u00f1o, de 5%, en la cobertura efectiva de casos de malaria con tratamientos combinados con artemisinina (TCA), podr\u00eda resultar en una reducci\u00f3n de 12% en el n\u00famero de casos sin complicaciones, una reducci\u00f3n de 15% en los casos severos, y una reducci\u00f3n de 13% en el n\u00famero de muertes entre la poblaci\u00f3n, adem\u00e1s de suponer una reducci\u00f3n de 24% en la prevalencia de P. falciparum en ni\u00f1os de 2\u20139 a\u00f1os de edad. Restringir el ausentismo de los prestadores de salud es una intervenci\u00f3n cr\u00edtica en la lucha contra la malaria, y el uso de herramientas digitales de planificaci\u00f3n de la fuerza laboral, como iHRIS, puede ayudar a reducir este ausentismo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESUMO<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quando os profissionais de sa\u00fade n\u00e3o est\u00e3o nos seus postos, os cuidados de sa\u00fade n\u00e3o s\u00e3o prestados O absentismo dos profissionais de sa\u00fade no Qu\u00e9nia foi de 53,8% em 2018, de acordo com o Inqu\u00e9rito de Indicadores de Presta\u00e7\u00e3o de Servi\u00e7os do Banco Mundial. O absentismo tem um impacto especial no tratamento da mal\u00e1ria, onde os atrasos no tratamento podem ter consequ\u00eancias mortais, especialmente entre os mais vulner\u00e1veis. As interven\u00e7\u00f5es de gest\u00e3o de recursos humanos e de refor\u00e7o do desenvolvimento que utilizam ferramentas digitais como o iHRIS, o sistema de informa\u00e7\u00e3o de recursos humanos de fonte aberta da IntraHealth International, podem permitir a tomada de decis\u00f5es baseadas em dados para planear e or\u00e7amentar os profissionais de sa\u00fade e redistribu\u00ed-los dinamicamente. Estas abordagens promissoras podem reduzir o absentismo sist\u00e9mico, mas pouco se sabe sobre o impacto que a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do absentismo pode ter nos resultados sanit\u00e1rios. Neste estudo, a ferramenta Spectrum Malaria, um modelo din\u00e2mico de transmiss\u00e3o da mal\u00e1ria desenvolvido pela Avenir Health, foi utilizada para testar tr\u00eas cen\u00e1rios de redu\u00e7\u00e3o do absentismo (5, 10 e 15%), para quantificar o impacto potencial do absentismo nos casos de mal\u00e1ria e mortes evitadas e na preval\u00eancia de Plasmodium falciparum (p falciparum) entre crian\u00e7as dos 2 aos 9 anos de idade no Qu\u00e9nia entre 2023 e 2030. Um pequeno aumento de 5% na cobertura efectiva do tratamento de casos n\u00e3o complicados de mal\u00e1ria com ACT poderia resultar numa diminui\u00e7\u00e3o de 12% nos casos n\u00e3o complicados, numa redu\u00e7\u00e3o de 15% nos casos graves e numa redu\u00e7\u00e3o de 13% nas mortes entre a popula\u00e7\u00e3o, bem como numa redu\u00e7\u00e3o de 24% na preval\u00eancia de p falciparum entre crian\u00e7as dos 2 aos 9 anos de idade. Travar o absentismo dos profissionais de sa\u00fade \u00e9 uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o fundamental na luta contra a mal\u00e1ria e ferramentas digitais como o iHRIS para o planeamento da for\u00e7a de trabalho no sector da sa\u00fade podem ajudar a reduzir o absentismo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>R\u00c9SUM\u00c9<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lorsque les agents de sant\u00e9 ne sont pas \u00e0 leur poste, les soins de sant\u00e9 ne sont pas dispens\u00e9s. L\u2019absent\u00e9isme des agents de sant\u00e9 au Kenya \u00e9tait de 53,8% en 2018, selon l\u2019enqu\u00eate sur les Indicateurs de prestation de services de la Banque mondiale. L\u2019absent\u00e9isme a un impact particuli\u00e8rement important pour le traitement du paludisme, o\u00f9 les retards dans le traitement peuvent avoir des cons\u00e9quences mortelles, en particulier parmi les plus vuln\u00e9rables. Les interventions de renforcement de la gestion et du d\u00e9veloppement des ressources humaines utilisant des outils num\u00e9riques comme iHRIS, le syst\u00e8me d\u2019information sur les ressources humaines open source d\u2019IntraHealth International, peuvent permettre une prise de d\u00e9cision fond\u00e9e sur les donn\u00e9es pour planifier et budg\u00e9tiser la gestion des agents de sant\u00e9 et les redistribuer de mani\u00e8re dynamique. Ces approches prometteuses peuvent r\u00e9duire l\u2019absent\u00e9isme syst\u00e9mique, mais on sait peu de choses sur l\u2019impact qu\u2019une r\u00e9duction de l\u2019absent\u00e9isme peut avoir sur les r\u00e9sultats de sant\u00e9. Dans cette \u00e9tude, l\u2019outil Spectrum Malaria, un mod\u00e8le dynamique de transmission du paludisme d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Avenir Health, a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour tester trois sc\u00e9narios de r\u00e9duction de l\u2019absent\u00e9isme (5, 10 et 15%) afin de quantifier l\u2019impact potentiel de l\u2019absent\u00e9isme sur les cas de paludisme et les d\u00e9c\u00e8s \u00e9vit\u00e9s. et sur la pr\u00e9valence de Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) chez les enfants \u00e2g\u00e9s de 2 \u00e0 9 ans au Kenya entre 2023 et 2030. Une l\u00e9g\u00e8re augmentation de 5% de la couverture efficace du traitement des cas de paludisme non compliqu\u00e9s par l\u2019ACT pourrait entra\u00eener une diminution de 12% de ceux-ci, une r\u00e9duction de 15% des cas graves et une r\u00e9duction de 13% des d\u00e9c\u00e8s au sein de la population, ainsi qu\u2019une r\u00e9duction de 24% de la pr\u00e9valence de P. falciparum chez les enfants \u00e2g\u00e9s de 2 \u00e0 9 ans. R\u00e9duire l\u2019absent\u00e9isme des agents de sant\u00e9 est une intervention essentielle dans la lutte contre le paludisme et les outils num\u00e9riques comme iHRIS pour la planification des personnels de sant\u00e9 peuvent contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire l\u2019absent\u00e9isme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/oodh\/oqae031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T19:13:19Z","timestamp":1723835599000},"page":"ii18-ii24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How much could health worker absenteeism impact health outcomes? A modeling study of malaria in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IntraHealth Internationall Data Science, , 6340 Quadrangle Drive, #150, Chapel Hill, NC 27517,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Duke University Duke Global Health Institute, 301 Trent Dr, , Durham, NC 27710,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0619-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Muriuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IntraHealth International, IntraHealth Kenya, 9 West, Parklands\/Highridge Ring Road, Lower Kabete Rd Health Workforce Development, , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7207-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IntraHealth International Center for Digital Health, , 6340 Quadrangle Drive, #150, Chapel Hill, NC 27517,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127818","article-title":"Effective coverage and systems effectiveness for malaria case management in sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"10","author":"Galactionova","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1705-3","article-title":"Spectrum-malaria: a user-friendly projection tool for health impact assessment and strategic planning by malaria control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"16","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30700-3","article-title":"Indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria intervention coverage, morbidity, and mortality in Africa: a geospatial modelling analysis","volume":"21","author":"Weiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003359","article-title":"The impact of delayed treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria on progression to severe malaria: a systematic review and a pooled multicentre individual-patient meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-144","article-title":"Barriers to prompt and effective malaria treatment among the poorest population in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Chuma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4435-0","article-title":"Understanding healthcare provider absenteeism in Kenya: a qualitative analysis","volume":"19","author":"Tumlinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256437","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256437","article-title":"The impact of health worker absenteeism on patient health care seeking behavior, testing and treatment: a longitudinal analysis in Uganda","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/gcujf","article-title":"Investments in human resources management and development (HRM&D) and data use are correlated with reduced absenteeism in Kenya","author":"Finnegan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.12779.1","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Dugani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758849","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.758849","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of burnout among healthcare workers during COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Ghahramani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visualizing the drivers of an effective health workforce: a detailed, interactive logic model","volume":"19","author":"Sonderegger","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref12","volume-title":"Kenya Health Service Delivery Indicator Survey 2018 Report","author":"World Bank, Kenya National Council for Population and Development, & UNFPA","year":"2019."},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref13","volume-title":"Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey 2020","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref14","article-title":"Optimizing data use for effective decision-making in managing Kenya\u2019s health workforce","author":"Mbate","year":"2021","journal-title":"IntraHealth Int Tech Brief"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-5-4","article-title":"Strategic management of the health workforce in developing countries: what have we learned?","volume":"5","author":"Fritzen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752932","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.752932","article-title":"Health worker absenteeism in selected health facilities in Enugu state: do internal and external supervision matter?","volume":"9","author":"Obodoechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0176973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176973","article-title":"Measuring three aspects of motivation among health workers at primary level health facilities in rural Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30398-X","article-title":"Effectiveness of strategies to improve health-care provider practices in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Rowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref19","author":"iHRIS","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1257\/app.5.2.58","article-title":"The effect of absenteeism and clinic protocol on health outcomes: the case of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Goldstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Econ J Appl Econ"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0258354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258354","article-title":"Estimation of health impact from digitalizing last-mile logistics management information systems (LMIS) in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Mozambique: a lives saved tool (LiST) model analysis","volume":"16","author":"Fritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081808121489900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1257\/089533006776526058","article-title":"Missing in action: teacher and health worker absence in developing countries","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"}],"container-title":["Oxford Open Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oodh\/article-pdf\/2\/Supplement_2\/ii18\/60932693\/oqae031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oodh\/article-pdf\/2\/Supplement_2\/ii18\/60932693\/oqae031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:12:21Z","timestamp":1787055141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oodh\/article\/2\/Supplement_2\/ii18\/7911914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oodh\/oqae031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2754-4591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2754-4591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}