{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:49:07Z","timestamp":1793245747236,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 36 people and is more often diagnosed in males than in females. Core features of ASD are impaired social interactions, repetitive behaviors and deficits in verbal communication. ASD is a highly heterogeneous and heritable disorder, yet its underlying genetic causes account only for up to 80% of the cases. Hence, a subset of ASD cases could be influenced by environmental risk factors. Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a response to inflammation during pregnancy, which can lead to increased inflammatory signals to the fetus. Inflammatory signals can cross the placenta and blood brain barriers affecting fetal brain development. Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that MIA could contribute to ASD etiology. However, human mechanistic studies have been hindered by a lack of experimental systems that could replicate the impact of MIA during fetal development. Therefore, mechanisms altered by inflammation during human pre-natal brain development, and that could underlie ASD pathogenesis have been largely understudied. The advent of human cellular models with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and organoid technology is closing this gap in knowledge by providing both access to molecular manipulations and culturing capability of tissue that would be otherwise inaccessible. We present an overview of multiple levels of evidence from clinical, epidemiological, and cellular studies that provide a potential link between higher ASD risk and inflammation. More importantly, we discuss how stem cell-derived models may constitute an ideal experimental system to mechanistically interrogate the effect of inflammation during the early stages of brain development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oons\/kvae003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T03:09:45Z","timestamp":1708657785000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neuroimmune mechanisms in autism etiology - untangling a complex problem using human cellular models"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Janay M","family":"Vacharasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of South Carolina Department of Biological Sciences, and Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, , 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Francis Marion University Department of Biological Sciences, , 4822 East Palmetto Street, Florence, S.C. 29506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, & Biochemistry, , 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA"},{"name":"Brown University Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute of Brain Science, , 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikayla M","family":"McCord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of South Carolina Department of Biological Sciences, and Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, , 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of South Carolina Department of Biological Sciences, and Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, , 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Imitola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, UConn Health, Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology, Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health , 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5357, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia B","family":"Lizarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, & Biochemistry, , 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA"},{"name":"Brown University Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute of Brain Science, , 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4071","article-title":"Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics","volume":"22","author":"de la Torre-Ubieta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.09.013","article-title":"Parental infections before, during, and after pregnancy as risk factors for mental disorders in childhood and adolescence: a Nationwide Danish study","volume":"85","author":"Lydholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.09.001","article-title":"Maternal hospitalization with infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13432","article-title":"Clinical clues for autoimmunity and neuroinflammation in patients with autistic regression","volume":"59","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2284","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory gene expression alterations in anterior cingulate cortical white and gray matter of males with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Sciara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.10.020","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and autism Spectrum disorder: from rodents to nonhuman and human primates","volume":"81","author":"Careaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0314","article-title":"The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring","volume":"351","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.07.022","article-title":"Impaired synaptic development in a maternal immune activation mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"50","author":"Coiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.008","article-title":"Maternal immune activation causes age- and region-specific changes in brain cytokines in offspring throughout development","volume":"31","author":"Garay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2178-07.2007","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.011","article-title":"Maternal immune activation yields offspring displaying mouse versions of the three core symptoms of autism","volume":"26","author":"Malkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.015","article-title":"Maternal immune activation in rodent models: a systematic review of neurodevelopmental changes in gene expression and epigenetic modulation in the offspring brain","volume":"129","author":"Woods","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.026","article-title":"Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy impacts postnatal brain development in the rhesus monkey","volume":"67","author":"Short","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl125","article-title":"Relationships between IQ and regional cortical gray matter thickness in healthy adults","volume":"17","author":"Narr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.02.015","article-title":"Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders: causal genes and molecular mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00297.2003","article-title":"Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1337","article-title":"Increased prepulse inhibition and sensitization of the startle reflex in autistic children","volume":"7","author":"Madsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0457-y","article-title":"Sex-dependent behavioral deficits and neuropathology in a maternal immune activation model of autism","volume":"9","author":"Haida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53294-z","article-title":"Maternal and early postnatal immune activation produce sex-specific effects on autism-like behaviors and neuroimmune function in mice","volume":"9","author":"Carlezon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0346-4","article-title":"Sex-dependent neurobiological features of prenatal immune activation via TLR7","volume":"25","author":"Missig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref21","first-page":"NS20220064","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and role of placenta in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuronal","volume":"7","author":"Woods","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signals"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577071","article-title":"Th17\/Treg cells imbalance and their related cytokines (IL-17, IL-10 and TGF-beta) in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"337","author":"Moaaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0847-z","article-title":"Cytokine profile in autism Spectrum disorders in children","volume":"61","author":"Bryn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040391","article-title":"IL-6: regulator of Treg\/Th17 balance","volume":"40","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.01.025","article-title":"Maternal immune activation impairs cognitive flexibility and alters transcription in frontal cortex","volume":"125","author":"Amodeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.15","article-title":"Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Lombardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.03.017","article-title":"Early or late gestational exposure to maternal immune activation alters neurodevelopmental trajectories in mice: an integrated neuroimaging, behavioral, and transcriptional study","volume":"90","author":"Guma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00241","article-title":"Maternal immune activation affects hippocampal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in offspring from an early developmental period to adulthood","volume":"14","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00069","article-title":"Autism Spectrum disorders and schizophrenia Spectrum disorders: excitation\/inhibition imbalance and developmental trajectories","volume":"8","author":"Canitano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.09.030","article-title":"Maternal immune activation delays excitatory-to-inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid switch in offspring","volume":"83","author":"Corradini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2015.19","article-title":"Characterization of molecular and cellular phenotypes associated with a heterozygous CNTNAP2 deletion using patient-derived hiPSC neural cells","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-019-0306-0","article-title":"Cellular and molecular characterization of multiplex autism in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.037","article-title":"Cellular phenotypes in human iPSC-derived neurons from a genetic model of autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"21","author":"Deshpande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0030","article-title":"iPSC-derived forebrain neurons from FXS individuals show defects in initial neurite outgrowth","volume":"23","author":"Doers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1107","article-title":"Autism after infection, febrile episodes, and antibiotic use during pregnancy: an exploratory study","volume":"130","author":"Atladottir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531116","article-title":"Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella","volume":"7","author":"Chess","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Autism Child Schizophr"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000404","article-title":"Congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and neurologic diseases in newborns","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3050-3","article-title":"An Italian prospective experience on the association between congenital cytomegalovirus infection and autistic Spectrum disorder","volume":"47","author":"Garofoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in infancy may increase the risk of subsequent epilepsy and autism Spectrum disorder in childhood","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000495660","article-title":"Zika virus as a possible risk factor for autism Spectrum disorder: Neuroimmunological aspects","volume":"25","author":"Vianna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111335","article-title":"Neurological findings in children without congenital microcephaly exposed to Zika virus in utero: a case series study","volume":"12","author":"Abtibol-Bernardino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01888-0","article-title":"In utero Zika virus exposure and neurodevelopment at 24 months in toddlers normocephalic at birth: a cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Grant","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0496-1","article-title":"Delayed childhood neurodevelopment and neurosensory alterations in the second year of life in a prospective cohort of ZIKV-exposed children","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen-Saines","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi7428","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi7428","article-title":"Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits sexually dimorphic placental immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Bordt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104223","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in the placenta upon SARS-CoV-2 infection late in pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Argueta","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.04.016","article-title":"Maternal respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with a robust inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"2","author":"Lu-Culligan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in infants of mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Edlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.4415","article-title":"Sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Edlow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00429-7","article-title":"A profile and review of findings from the early markers for autism study: unique contributions from a population-based case-control study in California","volume":"12","author":"Lyall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007","article-title":"The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"28","author":"Newschaffer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0103-8","article-title":"The immune system, cytokines, and biomarkers in autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"33","author":"Masi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1424-y","article-title":"Maternal gestational immune response and autism Spectrum disorder phenotypes at 7 years of age in the Seychelles child development study","volume":"56","author":"Irwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.639803","article-title":"Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines: potential markers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"14","author":"Abdallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-2-13","article-title":"Increased midgestational IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-5 in women bearing a child with autism: a case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Goines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013","article-title":"Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1812-167","article-title":"The association between levels of inflammatory markers in autistic children compared to their unaffected siblings and unrelated healthy controls","volume":"49","author":"Alzghoul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1940","article-title":"Alterations in plasma cytokine levels in chinese children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.08.003","article-title":"Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome","volume":"25","author":"Ashwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.037","article-title":"An exploratory examination of neonatal cytokines and chemokines as predictors of autism risk: the early markers for autism study","volume":"86","author":"Heuer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020470","article-title":"Plasma cytokine profiles in subjects with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders","volume":"6","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-158","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of interleukin-17A in children with autism","volume":"9","author":"Al-Ayadhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.03.034","article-title":"Cytokine profile in autistic patients","volume":"108","author":"Eftekharian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10110","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology","volume":"474","author":"Voineagu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01145","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development and enhances proliferation of neural precursor cells in rats","volume":"11","author":"Baines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227764","article-title":"Multiplex targeted sequencing identifies recurrently mutated genes in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"338","author":"O'Roak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.031","article-title":"Integrative functional genomic analyses implicate specific molecular pathways and circuits in autism","volume":"155","author":"Parikshak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10945","article-title":"De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism","volume":"485","author":"Sanders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036","article-title":"Large-scale exome sequencing study implicates both developmental and functional changes in the neurobiology of autism","volume":"180","author":"Satterstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz052","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identifies convergent molecular signatures associated with idiopathic and syndromic autism in post-mortem human brain tissue","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00329","article-title":"The interaction between the immune system and epigenetics in the etiology of autism Spectrum disorders","volume":"10","author":"Nardone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1114202","article-title":"Maternal immune activation induces GAD1 and GAD2 promoter remodeling in the offspring prefrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Labouesse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.764761","article-title":"Rett syndrome and fragile X syndrome: different etiology with common molecular dysfunctions","volume":"15","author":"Bach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.1.4.3514","article-title":"Reduced MeCP2 expression is frequent in autism frontal cortex and correlates with aberrant MECP2 promoter methylation","volume":"1","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prenatal maternal immune activation causes epigenetic differences in adolescent mouse brain","volume":"4","author":"Basil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.13.13","article-title":"The correlation between histone modifications and gene expression","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105182","article-title":"Classical HDACs in the regulation of neuroinflammation","volume":"150","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddad002","article-title":"Dysregulation of the chromatin environment leads to differential alternative splicing as a mechanism of disease in a human model of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"32","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.01.086","article-title":"Epigenetic changes at gene promoters in response to immune activation in utero","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18526-1","article-title":"Integrative genomics identifies a convergent molecular subtype that links epigenomic with transcriptomic differences in autism","volume":"11","author":"Ramaswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.031","article-title":"Histone Acetylome-wide association study of autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"167","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.989109","article-title":"The role of histone methyltransferases in neurocognitive disorders associated with brain size abnormalities","volume":"17","author":"Ritchie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100538","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters placental histone-3 lysine-9 tri-methylation, offspring sensorimotor processing, and hypothalamic transposable element expression in a sex-specific manner","volume":"24","author":"DeRosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.181180","article-title":"The control of gene expression and cell identity by H3K9 trimethylation","volume":"146","author":"Ninova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01474-1","article-title":"Counteracting epigenetic mechanisms regulate the structural development of neuronal circuitry in human neurons","volume":"27","author":"Cheon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.12.035","article-title":"ASH1L haploinsufficiency results in autistic-like phenotypes in mice and links Eph receptor gene to autism spectrum disorder","volume":"110","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.873466","article-title":"Neural hyperactivity is a Core pathophysiological change induced by deletion of a high autism risk gene Ash1L in the mouse brain","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.06.004","article-title":"A multiplex human pluripotent stem cell platform defines molecular and functional subclasses of autism-related genes","volume":"27","author":"Cederquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15818","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15818","article-title":"Ash1l and lnc-Smad3 coordinate Smad3 locus accessibility to modulate iTreg polarization and T cell autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.016","article-title":"Histone methyltransferase Ash1l suppresses interleukin-6 production and inflammatory autoimmune diseases by inducing the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20","volume":"39","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07018-y","article-title":"The transcription factor Foxp1 preserves integrity of an active Foxp3 locus in extrathymic Treg cells","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024691","article-title":"Expression profiling of autism candidate genes during human brain development implicates central immune signaling pathways","volume":"6","author":"Ziats","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.15","article-title":"ImmPort, toward repurposing of open access immunological assay data for translational and clinical research","volume":"5","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref93","first-page":"36","article-title":"SFARI gene 2.0: a community-driven knowledgebase for the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Mol","volume":"4","author":"Abrahams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.08.008","article-title":"Microglia: dynamic mediators of synapse development and plasticity","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.12.004","article-title":"New insights on the role of microglia in synaptic pruning in health and disease","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.322423","article-title":"Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory","volume":"17","author":"Cornell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02370-8","article-title":"Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide","volume":"142","author":"Schwabenland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00566","article-title":"The indispensable roles of microglia and astrocytes during brain development","volume":"10","author":"Reemst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3441-12.2013","article-title":"Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex","volume":"33","author":"Cunningham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.07.042","article-title":"Microglia modulate wiring of the embryonic forebrain","volume":"8","author":"Squarzoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12508","article-title":"Microglia shape corpus callosum axon tract fasciculation: functional impact of prenatal inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Pont-Lezica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.06.002","article-title":"The neurological manifestations of Phelan-McDermid syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118067","article-title":"A 16-year study of longitudinal volumetric brain development in males with autism","volume":"236","author":"Prigge","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0000000000000225","article-title":"Corpus callosum metrics predict severity of visuospatial and neuromotor dysfunctions in ARID1B mutations with coffin-Siris syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Demily","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.01.019","article-title":"Developmental microglial priming in postmortem autism spectrum disorder temporal cortex","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1513-0","article-title":"Microglia in the cerebral cortex in autism","volume":"42","author":"Tetreault","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.023","article-title":"Sex-specific microglia state in the Neuroligin-4 knock-out mouse model of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"111","author":"Guneykaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78294-2","article-title":"Maternal immune activation induces sustained changes in fetal microglia motility","volume":"10","author":"Ozaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.126","article-title":"Maternal inflammation promotes fetal microglial activation and increased cholinergic expression in the fetal basal forebrain: role of interleukin-6","volume":"74","author":"Pratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref111","first-page":"950","article-title":"Microglia enhances proliferation of neural progenitor cells in an in vitro model of hypoxic-ischemic injury","volume":"19","author":"Chounchay","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125428","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125428","article-title":"Microglia and astrocytes underlie neuroinflammation and synaptic susceptibility in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"17","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes: production, function, and therapeutic potential","volume":"46","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.03.017","article-title":"Oligodendrogenesis and myelination regulate cortical development, plasticity and circuit function","volume":"118","author":"Fletcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.400","article-title":"Persistent astrocyte activation in the fragile X mouse cerebellum","volume":"5","author":"Pacey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23843-0","article-title":"Impaired calcium signaling in astrocytes modulates autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in mice","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1069-16.2016","article-title":"Selective deletion of Astroglial FMRP dysregulates glutamate transporter GLT1 and contributes to fragile X syndrome phenotypes in vivo","volume":"36","author":"Higashimori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20315","article-title":"Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism","volume":"57","author":"Vargas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211014408","article-title":"Neuronal and glial cell number is altered in a cortical layer-specific manner in autism","volume":"25","author":"Falcone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120951","article-title":"Role of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the pathophysiology of autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Galvez-Contreras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa036","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte dysfunction due to Chd8 mutation gives rise to behavioral deficits in mice","volume":"29","author":"Kawamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00699-x","article-title":"Chd8 mutation in oligodendrocytes alters microstructure and functional connectivity in the mouse brain","volume":"13","author":"Kawamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0981-8","article-title":"Acute in utero exposure to lipopolysaccharide induces inflammation in the pre- and postnatal brain and alters the glial cytoarchitecture in the developing amygdala","volume":"14","author":"O'Loughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.07.021","article-title":"Maternal immune activation in late gestation increases neuroinflammation and aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the offspring","volume":"43","author":"Zager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3484","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development","volume":"14","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00115","article-title":"Poly(I:C) challenge alters brain expression of oligodendroglia-related genes of adult progeny in a mouse model of maternal immune activation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.016","article-title":"Alterations in Retrotransposition, synaptic connectivity, and myelination implicated by transcriptomic changes following maternal immune activation in nonhuman primates","volume":"89","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1159\/000355656","article-title":"White matter injury and autistic-like behavior predominantly affecting male rat offspring exposed to group B streptococcal maternal inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Bergeron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.015","article-title":"Voxel-based analysis of postnatal white matter microstructure in mice exposed to immune challenge in early or late pregnancy","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000114980.40445.83","article-title":"Transfer of inflammatory cytokines across the placenta","volume":"103","author":"Zaretsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15460","article-title":"Potential crosstalk between sonic hedgehog-WNT signaling and neurovascular molecules: implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"159","author":"Gozal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.01.011","article-title":"Brain IL-6 elevation causes neuronal circuitry imbalances and mediates autism-like behaviors","volume":"1822","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23909","article-title":"Reversing behavioural abnormalities in mice exposed to maternal inflammation","volume":"549","author":"Shin Yim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-14","article-title":"Functional interleukin-17 receptor a is expressed in central nervous system glia and upregulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Das Sarma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.156018","article-title":"Toll and toll-like receptor signalling in development","volume":"145","author":"Anthoney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R99","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00087.2021","article-title":"LPS versus poly I:C model: comparison of long-term effects of bacterial and viral maternal immune activation on the offspring","volume":"322","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000362205","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to the viral mimetic poly I:C alters fetal brain cytokine expression and postnatal behaviour","volume":"36","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0594-y","article-title":"Dynamics of cortical progenitors and production of subcerebral neurons are altered in embryos of a maternal inflammation model for autism","volume":"26","author":"Ben-Reuven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3642-17.2018","article-title":"Maternal and early postnatal immune activation produce dissociable effects on neurotransmission in mPFC-amygdala circuits","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10360","article-title":"Neocortical excitation\/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction","volume":"477","author":"Yizhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.015","article-title":"Maternal immune activation by LPS selectively alters specific gene expression profiles of interneuron migration and oxidative stress in the fetus without triggering a fetal immune response","volume":"26","author":"Oskvig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-126","article-title":"LPS-induced release of IL-6 from glia modulates production of IL-1beta in a JAK2-dependent manner","volume":"9","author":"Minogue","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00394","article-title":"Modeling inflammation in autism Spectrum disorders using stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0669-9","article-title":"Transcriptome of iPSC-derived neuronal cells reveals a module of co-expressed genes consistently associated with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"26","author":"Griesi-Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3415","article-title":"Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture","volume":"12","author":"Pasca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv637","article-title":"Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons through single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"25","author":"Handel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3041","article-title":"Human cerebral cortex development from pluripotent stem cells to functional excitatory synapses","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3252","article-title":"Generation of cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"38","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1704","article-title":"Efficient specification of interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells by dorsoventral and rostrocaudal modulation","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.04.008","article-title":"Directed differentiation and functional maturation of cortical interneurons from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Maroof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4189","article-title":"Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"22","author":"Muffat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06684-2","article-title":"Microglia innately develop within cerebral organoids","volume":"9","author":"Ormel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.03.042","article-title":"iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases","volume":"94","author":"Abud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.04.023","article-title":"Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to microglia","volume":"8","author":"Douvaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1601-7_4","article-title":"Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to astrocytes using small molecules","volume":"2352","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9477-9_3","article-title":"Generating human iPSC-derived astrocytes with chemically defined medium for in vitro disease modeling","volume":"1994","author":"Janssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.026","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived astrocytes from ALS patients with mutated C9ORF72 show increased oxidative stress and neurotoxicity","volume":"50","author":"Birger","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0560","article-title":"Efficient differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells into functional astrocytes","volume":"21","author":"Emdad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0316-9","article-title":"Differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes in human three-dimensional neural cultures","volume":"22","author":"Marton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.011","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived immature Astroglia promote Oligodendrogenesis by increasing TIMP-1 secretion","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.12.002","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells can myelinate and rescue a mouse model of congenital hypomyelination","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.186","article-title":"Differentiation of human oligodendrocytes from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.05.017","article-title":"A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response","volume":"8","author":"Haenseler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18755-4","article-title":"Interferon-gamma signaling synergizes with LRRK2 in neurons and microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Panagiotakopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.05.011","article-title":"Differentiation of inflammation-responsive astrocytes from glial progenitors generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.09.021","article-title":"Modeling the interplay between neurons and astrocytes in autism using human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"83","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0647-2","article-title":"Effects of cytokines on nuclear factor-kappa B, cell viability, and synaptic connectivity in a human neuronal cell line","volume":"26","author":"Matelski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9506","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay9506","article-title":"Interferon-gamma signaling in human iPSC-derived neurons recapitulates neurodevelopmental disorder phenotypes","volume":"6","author":"Warre-Cornish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu243","article-title":"Developmental sculpting of Intracortical circuits by MHC class I H2-Db and H2-kb","volume":"26","author":"Adelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.836217","article-title":"Interferon-gamma exposure of human iPSC-derived neurons alters major histocompatibility complex I and synapsin protein expression","volume":"13","author":"Pavlinek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.828646","article-title":"Interleukin-17a induces neuronal differentiation of induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors from autistic and control subjects","volume":"16","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170219","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0219","article-title":"A human iPSC line capable of differentiating into functional macrophages expressing ZsGreen: a tool for the study and in vivo tracking of therapeutic cells","volume":"373","author":"Lopez-Yrigoyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.305860","article-title":"Functional analysis and transcriptomic profiling of iPSC-derived macrophages and their application in modeling Mendelian disease","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134808","article-title":"Large-scale production of human iPSC-derived macrophages for drug screening","volume":"21","author":"Gutbier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22047","article-title":"Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids","volume":"545","author":"Quadrato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","article-title":"Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly","volume":"501","author":"Lancaster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.152","article-title":"Generation of human brain region-specific organoids using a miniaturized spinning bioreactor","volume":"13","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.03.010","article-title":"Derivation of human midbrain-specific organoids from Neuroepithelial stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Monzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22330","article-title":"Assembly of functionally integrated human forebrain spheroids","volume":"545","author":"Birey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0032-7","article-title":"Generation and assembly of human brain region-specific three-dimensional cultures","volume":"13","author":"Sloan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2020.0069","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomic analysis of cerebral organoids and cortical neuron cultures derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"29","author":"Kathuria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00802-y","article-title":"Long-term maturation of human cortical organoids matches key early postnatal transitions","volume":"24","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.08.017","article-title":"Electrophysiological maturation of cerebral organoids correlates with dynamic morphological and cellular development","volume":"15","author":"Fair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref184","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human brain organoid model of maternal immune activation identifies radial glia cells as selectively vulnerable","author":"Sarieva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.07.002","article-title":"Development of a chimeric model to study and manipulate human microglia in vivo","volume":"103","author":"Hasselmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.04.022","article-title":"An in vivo neuroimmune organoid model to study human microglia phenotypes","volume":"186","author":"Schafer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15411-9","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived mature microglia retain their identity and functionally integrate in the chimeric mouse brain","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00447-4","article-title":"Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted into mouse brain to study human disease","volume":"16","author":"Fattorelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.042317","article-title":"Addressing variability in iPSC-derived models of human disease: guidelines to promote reproducibility","volume":"13","author":"Volpato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614540646","article-title":"A two-hit model of autism: adolescence as the second hit","volume":"3","author":"Picci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy186","article-title":"Drug screening for human genetic diseases using iPSC models","volume":"27","author":"Elitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN02384D","article-title":"A microfluidic gradient device for drug screening with human iPSC-derived motoneurons","volume":"145","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw0682","article-title":"Human neurons from Christianson syndrome iPSCs reveal mutation-specific responses to rescue strategies","volume":"13","author":"Lizarraga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.06.039","article-title":"CC2D1A regulates human intellectual and social function as well as NF-kappaB signaling homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Manzini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.031906","article-title":"High-throughput screen for compounds that modulate neurite growth of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons","volume":"11","author":"Sherman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.012","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and related cytokines in the regulation of inflammation and immunity","volume":"50","author":"Mantovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0110-z","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01043-8","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in the brain and brain borders","volume":"20","author":"Mamuladze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref199","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances in underlying pathologies provide insight into interleukin-8 expression-mediated inflammation and angiogenesis","volume":"2011","author":"Qazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Inflam"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.30","article-title":"Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease","volume":"32","author":"Iyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154740","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719","article-title":"The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-alpha inhibitors in therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.01.012","article-title":"Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid of autistic children","volume":"36","author":"Chez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R202","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4393","article-title":"Evidence that TNF-beta (lymphotoxin alpha) can activate the inflammatory environment in human chondrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Buhrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2024030810360092300_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.09.044","article-title":"MHC class I: an unexpected role in neuronal plasticity","volume":"64","author":"Shatz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Oxford Open Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oons\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/oons\/kvae003\/56745714\/kvae003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oons\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/oons\/kvae003\/56907371\/kvae003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oons\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/oons\/kvae003\/56907371\/kvae003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T15:01:21Z","timestamp":1731423681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oons\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/oons\/kvae003\/7612966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":205,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oons\/kvae003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-149X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-149X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"kvae003"}}