{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:16:00Z","timestamp":1753877760147,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The role of obesity in the pathophysiology of respiratory virus infections has become particularly apparent during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, where obese patients are twice as likely to suffer from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than healthy weight individuals. Obesity results in disruption of systemic lipid metabolism promoting a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. However, it remains unclear how these underlying metabolic and cellular processes promote severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging data in SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A virus (IAV) infections show that viruses can further subvert the host\u2019s altered lipid metabolism and exploit obesity-induced alterations in immune cell metabolism and function to promote chronic inflammation and viral propagation. In this review, we outline the systemic metabolic and immune alterations underlying obesity and discuss how these baseline alterations impact the immune response and disease pathophysiology. A better understanding of the immunometabolic landscape of obese patients may aid better therapies and future vaccine design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqab001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T23:51:16Z","timestamp":1611359476000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of obesity and SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for host defence - a living review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3415-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix Clemens","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aljawharah","family":"Alrubayyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Teijeira Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer and Genetics, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University , Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Oxford-Cardiff COVID-19 Literature Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hulin-Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University , Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"year":"2021","author":"World Health Organisation","key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B1"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003198","article-title":"The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"17","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2016.1201721","article-title":"Weight and prognosis for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection during the pandemic period between 2009 and 2011: a systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001053","article-title":"Risk factors for severe outcomes following 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection: a global pooled analysis","volume":"8","author":"Van Kerkhove","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.33.19309-en","article-title":"Epidemiology of fatal cases associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009","volume":"14","author":"Vaillant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009694","article-title":"Morbid obesity as a risk factor for hospitalization and death due to 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) disease","volume":"5","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023011714415891300_iqab001-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","article-title":"COVID-19 in critically ill patients in the seattle region - 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