{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:08:31Z","timestamp":1792786111305,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":259,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#IN-UK-540\u20136640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#IN-UK-540\u20136640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Loughborough University\u2019s Open Access Agreements","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vg4w365","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Treatment of acute COVID-19 with anti-viral and immunomodulator medications demonstrates a reduced risk of long-term outcomes. To date, remdesivir, an intravenous (IV) antiviral that prevents RNA transcription, has not been evaluated in people with Long COVID (LC). This study assessed the feasibility of a five\u2011day IV remdesivir intervention for individuals with LC. Seventy-three participants aged \u2265 18\u2009years with a confirmed LC diagnosis were recruited across two sites in the United Kingdom to receive a five\u2011day course of IV remdesivir. Primary feasibility outcomes included recruitment, treatment completion, acceptability, and safety. Exploratory patient-reported [e.g. Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)] and clinical outcomes [e.g. 6-minute walk test (6MWT)] were also collected. Of 106 individuals screened, 73 were enrolled and 71 (97%) completed the 5-day IV remdesivir regimen. Follow-up assessments were completed by 70 participants (96%), with high completion rates observed across clinical assessments, patient-reported outcomes and symptom tracking. No severe adverse reactions were reported. Improvements were also observed in several exploratory patient-reported and clinical outcomes. We demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of administering IV remdesivir in people with LC. Analysis of secondary outcomes suggests therapeutic promise, but rigorous evaluation in large-scale randomised controlled trials is essential to determine the true efficacy and clinical utility of intravenous remdesivir in this population. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05911906.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqag014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:01:38Z","timestamp":1789473698000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An open-label feasibility study of remdesivir in long COVID: results from the ERASE LC trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8163-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A","family":"Faghy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University , Loughborough, LE11 3TU,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"College of Health and Humanities, University of Derby , Derby, DE22 1GB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Chynoweth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics Research Group, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL4 8AA,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics Research Group, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL4 8AA,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Skipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Humanities, University of Derby , Derby, DE22 1GB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Allgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics Research Group, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL4 8AA,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Neilens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayle-Anne","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Hambly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paigan J","family":"Aspinall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, University of Plymouth , Plymouth, PL6 8BU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W David","family":"Strain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QJ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Humanities, University of Derby , Derby, DE22 1GB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Humanities, University of Derby , Derby, DE22 1GB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie J","family":"Grigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Humanities, University of Derby , Derby, DE22 1GB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha H","family":"Kranen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QJ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinan","family":"Mokbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QJ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen M","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QJ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairil Abdul","family":"Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QJ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Healthcare and Communities Transformation, Coventry University , Coventry, CV1 5FB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4152-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Maidment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University , Birmingham, B4 7ET,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Bewick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust , Derby, DE22 3NE,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B3","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.011","article-title":"Prevalence and measurement of post-exertional malaise in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1113\/EP092576","article-title":"Submaximal 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess exercise capacity and post-exertional symptom exacerbation in people with long COVID","volume":"111","author":"Thomas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01136-X","article-title":"Long COVID: a clinical update","volume":"404","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01646-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)","volume":"24","author":"Proal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00769-2","article-title":"Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in long COVID","volume":"25","author":"Proal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01871-z","article-title":"Microglia dysfunction, neurovascular inflammation and focal neuropathologies are linked to IL-1- and IL-6-related systemic inflammation in COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Fekete","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86015","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86015","article-title":"Viral persistence, reactivation, and mechanisms of long COVID","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00211-1","article-title":"Plasma-based antigen persistence in the post-acute phase of COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Peluso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01810-6","article-title":"Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes","volume":"28","author":"Choutka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.04.001","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection","volume":"3","author":"Natarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med N Med"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30083-2","article-title":"Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B16","author":"Cheung","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.04.037","article-title":"Postacute COVID-19 is characterized by gut viral antigen persistence in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"163","author":"Zollner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00171-3","article-title":"The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues and its association with long COVID symptoms: a cross-sectional cohort study in China","volume":"24","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00073-8","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir\u2013ritonavir versus placebo\u2013ritonavir in individuals with long COVID in the USA (PAX LC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2, decentralised trial","volume":"25","author":"Sawano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122529","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1122529","article-title":"Case series: maraviroc and pravastatin as a therapeutic option to treat long COVID\/Post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC)","volume":"10","author":"Patterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B21","author":"Llad\u00f3s","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e085272","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085272","article-title":"Low-dose naltrexone for post-COVID fatigue syndrome: a study protocol for a double-blind, randomised trial in British Columbia, Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Naik","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-023-01339-y","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions of nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir","volume":"63","author":"Gerhart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6785","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013679","article-title":"Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-026-01823-9","article-title":"An open-label, clinical feasibility study of the efficacy of remdesivir for long-COVID","volume-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud","author":"Neilens","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics8030066","article-title":"A brief questionnaire to assess post-exertional malaise","volume":"8","author":"Cotler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B27","author":"NICE","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.05.004","article-title":"Minimal (clinically) important differences for the Fatigue Assessment Scale in sarcoidosis","volume":"105","author":"Kleijn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-016-0105-8","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials","volume":"2","author":"Eldridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12629","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference for change in 6-minute walk test distance of adults with pathology: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Bohannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27536351261423961","DOI":"10.1177\/27536351261423961","article-title":"The EQ-5D-5L and minimal important change in long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Rehabil Sci Pract"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(26)00242-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban, colchicine, and famotidine\u2013loratadine with specialist supportive clinical care for fatigue in patients with post-COVID-19 condition in the UK: a multisite, open-label, randomised controlled trial","author":"Wall","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15076","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to implementation of intravenous cardiovascular treatments in ambulatory settings","volume":"12","author":"Jalloh","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c03003","article-title":"The future of drug delivery","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Mater"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxad245","article-title":"Data-based program management of system-wide IV smart pump integration","volume":"81","author":"Giuliano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B36","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309003","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir for vaccinated or unvaccinated adult outpatients with Covid-19","volume":"390","author":"Hammond","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20542-0","article-title":"Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase stalling by remdesivir","volume":"12","author":"Kokic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e060826","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-060826","article-title":"Long COVID and episodic disability: advancing the conceptualisation, measurement and knowledge of episodic disability among people living with long COVID\u2014protocol for a mixed-methods study","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-30","article-title":"The Hawthorne effect: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"McCarney","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2026101601520542200_iqag014-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053221084494","article-title":"Long Covid at the crossroads: comparisons and lessons from the treatment of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"27","author":"Hunt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"}],"container-title":["Oxford Open Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ooim\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqag014\/71151088\/iqag014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ooim\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/iqag014\/71151088\/iqag014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ooim\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/iqag014\/71151088\/iqag014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T05:52:15Z","timestamp":1792129935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ooim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqag014\/8806034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqag014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-6960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-6960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"iqag014"}}