{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T21:14:09Z","timestamp":1753737249403},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program"},{"name":"Canadian Paediatric Society and Public Health Agency of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rh sensitization occurs when Rh(D)-negative women develop anti-Rh(D) antibodies following exposure through pregnancy or transfusion. Rh disease may cause jaundice, anemia, neurological impairment, and death. It is rare in countries where Rh Immune Globulin (RhIg) is used. Canadian Rh sensitization and disease rates are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This survey-based study was conducted using a Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program questionnaire sent to Canadian paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists to solicit Rh disease cases from May 2016 to June 2018. Paediatricians reported Rh-positive infants \u2264 60 days of age, born to Rh-negative mothers with RhD sensitization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sixty-two confirmed cases of infants affected by Rh(D) sensitization were reported across Canada. The median gestational age of neonates was term, age at presentation was 2 hours, and hemoglobin at presentation was 137.5 g\/L (33 to 203 g\/L). The median peak bilirubin and phototherapy duration were 280 \u00b5mol\/L (92 to 771 \u00b5mol\/L), and 124 hours, respectively. Thirty (48%) infants received Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) (median two doses). Seventeen (27%) received one to three simple transfusions; 10 (16%) required exchange transfusions. Six (10%) infants presented with acute bilirubin encephalopathy, and less than five presented with seizures. Fourteen mothers with affected infants were born outside of Canada.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rh disease continues to exist in Canada. Additional efforts are needed to raise awareness of Rh disease, prevent disease, and minimize sequelae when it does occur. The ongoing global burden of Rh Disease, as well as the possibility of emerging Rh immunoglobulin refusal are among factors that could be taken into consideration in future prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxaa025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T04:25:06Z","timestamp":1585542306000},"page":"159-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infants affected by Rh sensitization: A 2-year Canadian National Surveillance Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jillian M","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas M","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Pavenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aasha","family":"Gnanalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Hollamby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thivia","family":"Jegathesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Zipursky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Standford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sgro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NeoHBC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M F","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shangari","family":"Baleswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Barozzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Barozzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Belncowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Casalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohail","family":"Cheema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chitayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karoon","family":"Danayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Debono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fin","family":"Ebbesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahed","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ghobrial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aasha","family":"Gnanalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Grenier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bell J","family":"Guttman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaditeya","family":"Jhaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharmilaa","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joey E","family":"Lawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Librach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrocinio C","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rintaro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nkemakolam","family":"Ogbonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Anne Okolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bolajoko","family":"Olusanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinod K","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dishaben","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saisujani","family":"Rasiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sureka","family":"Selvakumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heet","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tavpritesth","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina M","family":"Slusher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashvinie","family":"Sritharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Twiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayathri","family":"Visvanathaiyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Zipursky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0001","first-page":"600","article-title":"Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy","volume":"100","author":"Moise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3545","article-title":"Systematic review of screening for bilirubinencephalopathy in neonates","volume":"124","author":"Trikalinos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42876-7.00026-0","article-title":"Chapter 26 - Bilirubin.","volume-title":"Volpe\u2019s Neurology of the Newborn","author":"Perlman","year":"2018","edition":"6"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30995-1","article-title":"Prevention of Rh alloimmunization","volume":"25","author":"Fung Kee Fung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0005","first-page":"CD000020","article-title":"Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing rhesus alloimmunisation","author":"Crowther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0006","first-page":"CD000021","article-title":"Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation","author":"Crowther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12387","article-title":"A review of maternal alloimmunisation to Rh D in Northern Ireland","volume":"27","author":"McCauley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"1388","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0008","first-page":"40","article-title":"Incidence of maternal sensitisation to Rh(D) in Christchurch, New Zealand and reasons for prophylaxis failures","volume":"127","author":"Badami","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12099","article-title":"Anti-D prophylaxis: Past, present and future","volume":"24","author":"de Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.11.007","article-title":"No. 133-prevention of Rh alloimmunization","volume":"40","author":"Fung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/12.5.401","article-title":"Guidelines for detection, management and prevention of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm newborn infants (35 or more weeks gestation) \u2013 summary","volume":"12","author":"Canadian Paediatric Society.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F84","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.181172","article-title":"The global burden of Rh disease","volume":"96","author":"Zipursky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.208","article-title":"Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels","volume":"74","author":"Bhutani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0014","first-page":"65","article-title":"Incidence of Rh immunization between 1981 and 1992","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"author":"Morency","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0015"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0016","first-page":"871","article-title":"Compliance with postpartum Rh isoimmunization prophylaxis in Alberta","volume":"133","author":"Huchcroft","year":"1985","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/9.6.379","article-title":"Canadian paediatric surveillance program evaluation: An excellent report card","volume":"9","author":"Grenier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatrics & Child Health"},{"year":"2012","author":"Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0018"},{"year":"2017","author":"Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0019"},{"year":"2018","author":"Statistics Canada","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0020"},{"year":"2018","author":"Statistics Canada","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0021"},{"author":"National Advisory Committee","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0022"},{"key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0023","first-page":"e886","article-title":"Incidence of Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy in Canada, 2007\u20132008","author":"Sgro","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.297","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation","volume":"114","author":"Academy of Pediatrics.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0025","article-title":"Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates","volume":"3","author":"Zwiers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0026","first-page":"385","article-title":"Molecular basis of weak D phenotypes","volume":"93","author":"Wagner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Presented at the 25th Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion held in Oslo on June 29, 1998 and published in abstract form in Vox Sang 74:55, 1998 (suppl)"},{"volume-title":"Canadian Paediatric Society. CPSP 2017 Results","year":"2018","author":"Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program","key":"2021042709271864900_CIT0027"}],"container-title":["Paediatrics &amp; Child Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pch\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/159\/37410324\/pxaa025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pch\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/159\/37410324\/pxaa025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:10:50Z","timestamp":1619557850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pch\/article\/26\/3\/159\/5813585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pch\/pxaa025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1205-7088","1918-1485"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1205-7088"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1918-1485"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]}}}