{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:18:09Z","timestamp":1778941089958,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The past two decades have seen enormous advancements in medical knowledge around the role of genetic factors of variability, both in human disease and drug response. This knowledge is increasingly being translated into guidelines that inform drug dosing, monitoring for efficacy and safety, and determining the suitability of specific agents to treat patients. Health Canada and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have recommended using genetic information to guide dosing for more than 20 drugs. There are no current, comprehensive paediatric guidelines to assist health care professionals in the use of genetics to inform medication dosing, safety, and efficacy in children, and such guidance is urgently needed. This statement helps to guide clinician understanding of the role of pharmacogenetics and how to use this information when prescribing medications in paediatrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxad002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T09:46:22Z","timestamp":1686217582000},"page":"241-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gene-based drug therapy in children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"S Rod","family":"Rassekh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Paediatric Society, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Paediatric Society, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"\u2018t Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Paediatric Society, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.15.1200","article-title":"Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"279","author":"Lazarou","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1086-5802(16)31229-3","article-title":"Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Updating the cost-of-illness model","volume":"41","author":"Ernst","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.03064.x","article-title":"Incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions: A population based study","volume":"65","author":"Wester","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004439","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions in hospital in-patients: A prospective analysis of 3695 patient-episodes","volume":"4","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124835","article-title":"Preemptive clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: Current programs in five US medical centers","volume":"55","author":"Dunnenberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.13.70","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics in clinical pediatrics: Challenges and strategies","volume":"10","author":"Van Driest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Per Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035092","article-title":"Developmental pharmacology\u2014Drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children","volume":"349","author":"Kearns","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83063-X","article-title":"Altered mercaptopurine metabolism, toxic effects, and dosage requirement in a thiopurine methyltransferase-deficient child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"119","author":"Evans","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.320","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing","volume":"89","author":"Relling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12533","article-title":"Implementation of standardized clinical processes for TPMT testing in a diverse multidisciplinary population: Challenges and lessons learned","volume":"11","author":"Weitzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1772","article-title":"Adverse drug reaction active surveillance: Developing a national network in Canada\u2019s children\u2019s hospitals","volume":"18","author":"Carleton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.280","article-title":"Prediction of codeine toxicity in infants and their mothers using a novel combination of maternal genetic markers","volume":"91","author":"Sistonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262421","article-title":"Apnea and oxygen desaturations in children treated with opioids after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A prospective pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Khetani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3182272b10","article-title":"CYP2D6 polymorphisms and codeine analgesia in postpartum pain management: A pilot study","volume":"33","author":"VanderVaart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e986","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1907","article-title":"Fatal hydrocodone overdose in a child: Pharmacogenetics and drug interactions","volume":"126","author":"Madadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.478","article-title":"Genetic variants in TPMT and COMT are associated with hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin chemotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Ross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.80","article-title":"Replication of TPMT and ABCC3 genetic variants highly associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children","volume":"94","author":"Pussegoda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"13","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.34.3467","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic prediction of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children","volume":"30","author":"Visscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24505","article-title":"Validation of variants in SLC28A3 and UGT1A6 as genetic markers predictive of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children","volume":"60","author":"Visscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.15.61","article-title":"Genetic variants in SLC22A17 and SLC22A7 are associated with anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children","volume":"16","author":"Visscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3374","article-title":"A coding variant in RARG confers susceptibility to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer","volume":"47","author":"Aminkeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000298","article-title":"Clinical practice recommendations for the management and prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss using pharmacogenetic markers","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0023","first-page":"e369","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: CYP2D6 genotyping for safe and efficacious codeine therapy","volume":"20","author":"Madadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13008","article-title":"Recommendations for genetic testing to reduce the incidence of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"82","author":"Aminkeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0025","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Swiss Agency of Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic), Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Japan (PMDA), and Health Canada."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.113","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing","volume":"98","author":"Birdwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.01.007","article-title":"Personalized immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric heart transplantation: Progress, pitfalls and promises","volume":"126","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.254","article-title":"Clinical Phacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update","volume":"95","author":"Crews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1343","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2538","article-title":"More codeine fatalities after tonsillectomy in North American children.","volume":"129","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0305-6","article-title":"Fluoxetine pharmacogenetics in child and adult populations","volume":"21","author":"Blazquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1004","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guideline for HLA genotype and use of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine: 2017 update","volume":"103","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12956","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists in asthma: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Slob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0033","first-page":"e134","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of serious adverse drug reactions in pediatric oncology","volume":"18","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0021-9","article-title":"Cancer pharmacogenomics in children: Research initiatives and progress to date","volume":"15","author":"Rassekh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24932","article-title":"VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes are predictors of warfarin-related outcomes in children","volume":"61","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.14.147","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of antimicrobial agents","volume":"15","author":"Aung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023060913262565800_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2017.21","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic guided treatment: Are we there yet?","volume":"17","author":"Verbelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomic J"}],"container-title":["Paediatrics &amp; Child Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pch\/article-pdf\/28\/4\/241\/50522182\/pxad002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pch\/article-pdf\/28\/4\/241\/50522182\/pxad002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T13:49:40Z","timestamp":1686318580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pch\/article\/28\/4\/241\/7190751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pch\/pxad002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1205-7088","1918-1485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1205-7088","type":"print"},{"value":"1918-1485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}