{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1788006065323,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32000243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32000243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan province","award":["242300420162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420162"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan province","award":["252300420203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300420203"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan province","award":["262300421502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262300421502"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province International Science and Technology Cooperation Project","award":["252102520005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102520005"]}]},{"name":"Henan provincial colleges and universities","award":["26A180013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26A180013"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Henan Normal University","award":["YX202403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YX202403"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province University\u2019s Engineering and Technology Center of Conservation and Utilization for Genuine Chinese Medicinal Herbs"},{"name":"Xinxiang Engineering and Technology Center of Conservation and Utilization for Chinese Medicinal Herbs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spinach, a dioecious species, serves as an important model for studying sex determination and differentiation in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unresolved. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family plays critical roles in meristem maintenance, cell fate determination, and plant development, yet remains uncharacterized in spinach. In this study, a genome-wide comparative analysis identified 10\u201311 WOX genes across the genus Spinacia. Transcriptome analysis across floral developmental stages, combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis, revealed that Spinacia oleracea WUSCHEL-related homeobox 1 (SpWOX1) exhibits female-biased expression and is associated with transcription factors involved in floral development. Functional analysis showed that silencing of SpWOX1 using virus-induced gene silencing resulted in the conversion of female flowers into hermaphroditic flowers in spinach, whereas ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana led to reduced pollen viability and impaired stamen development. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrate that SpWOX1 interacts with the masculine factor spinach male sterility 1 and three key regulators of floral development, including ABNORMAL FLORAL ORGANS, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2, and AUXIN RESPONSE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3. Collectively, these findings suggest that SpWOX1 functions as a suppressor of male organ development and may play a central role in the spinach sex-determination pathway. This study provides new insights into the molecular basis of sex differentiation in spinach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcag107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:15:21Z","timestamp":1785237321000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering a novel function of the WOX family:\n                    <i>SpWOX1<\/i>\n                    -mediated male suppression in dioecious spinach"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Special Aromatic Spice Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences , Chongqing 402160 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6132-0145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Henan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Conservation and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Herbs , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Henan Biotechnology and Engineering Research Center of Green Medicinal Herbs , Xinxiang 453007, Henan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082908121046700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257225","article-title":"A Y-chromosome-encoded small RNA acts as a sex determinant in persimmons","volume":"346","author":"Akagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082908121046700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0489-6","article-title":"Two Y-chromosome-encoded genes determine sex in kiwifruit","volume":"5","author":"Akagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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